Leptomeningeal Metastases
What are Leptomeningeal Metastases?
Leptomeningeal Metastases (LM) are a rare, but serious complication of cancer that occurs when the cancer has spread to the leptomeninges, the thin layer of tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is a terminal condition, and there is no known cure.
LM can be caused by any type of primary cancer, but those most commonly associated with LM are lung cancer, breast cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
Signs and Symptoms of Leptomeningeal Metastases
The symptoms of LM vary depending on the location and size of the tumors. Some common symptoms include:
- Headaches
- Seizures
- Muscle Weakness
- Numbness and Tingling
- Cognitive Changes
- Incoordination
- Vision Loss
- Hearing Loss
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Fatigue
Diagnosis of Leptomeningeal Metastases
The diagnosis of LM is complicated and requires a combination of imaging studies, fluid analysis, and biopsy. These tests can include:
- CT or MRI scans of the brain or spine
- Lumbar puncture to collect and analyze CSF for signs of cancer cells
- Biopsy of the leptomeninges to confirm the diagnosis
Treatment of Leptomeningeal Metastases
Treatment of LM is supportive in nature and focuses on controlling symptoms and prolonging life. Treatment may include:
- Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
- Anticonvulsants to prevent and control seizures
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Pain medications
Prognosis of Leptomeningeal Metastases
LM is a terminal condition and the prognosis is generally poor. Most patients with LM have a life expectancy of less than 6 months.