Accolate

Uses

Zukast is used for the treatment of asthma.

Accolate is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Asthma, Chronic Urticaria

How Accolate works

Accolate is a selective and competitive receptor antagonist of leukotriene D4 and E4 (LTD₄ and LTE4), components of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRSA). Cysteinyl leukotriene production and receptor occupation have been correlated with the pathophysiology of asthma, including airway edema, smooth muscle constriction, and altered cellular activity associated with the inflammatory process, which contribute to the signs and symptoms of asthma.

Dosage

Accolate dosage

Accolate should be taken continuously. Children under 7 years of age: There is no clinical experience of the use of Accolate in children under 7 years of age until safety information is available.Children over 7 years through 11 years of age: The recommended dose of Accolate in this age group is 10 mg twice daily.Adult and children aged 12 years and over: The dosage is one 20 mg tablet twice daily. This dosage should not be exceeded. Higher doses may be associated with elevations of one or more liver enzymes consistent with hepatotoxicity. As food may reduce the bioavailability of Accolate, Accolate should not be taken with mealsElderly: The clearance of Accolate is significantly reduced in elderly patients (over 65 years old), and Cmax and AUC are approximately double than those of younger adults. However, accumulation of Accolate is not greater than that seen in multiple dose trials conducted in adult subjects with asthma and the consequences of the altered kinetic in the elderly are unknown. Clinical experience with Accolate in the elderly (over 65 years) is limited and caution is recommended until further information is available.Renal impairment: No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild renal impairment.

Side Effects

Effect on ability to drive or operate machinery: There is no evidence that Accolate affects the ability to drive and use machinery. Administration of Accolate in clinical trials against placebo has been associated with headache (9.9% vs. 9.0%) or gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea 2.6% vs. 2.2%, vomiting 1.2% vs. 1.0%, diarrhoea 2.3% vs. 1.8%, abdominal pain 1.6% vs. 1.2%). These symptoms are usually mild and do not necessitate withdrawal from therapy. During post-marketing experience, bruising, bleeding disorders, including menorrhagia (rare), thrombocytopaenia and agranulocytosis (very rare) have also been reported.Hypersensitivity reactions, including urticaria and angio-oedema have been reported. Rashes, including blistering, have also been reported. The above events have usually resolved during continued treatment or following cessation of therapy. Infrequently, elevated serum transaminase levels have been observed in clinical trials against placebo with Accolate (increased AST 1.0% vs. 0.9%, increased AST 0.6% vs. 0.6%); at recommended doses the incidence was equivalent to placebo. Rarely the transaminase profile has been consistent with drug-induced hepatitis, which resolved following cessation of Accolate therapy. During post-marketing experience there have been rare reports of hepatitis, with or without elevated bilirubin levels. These cases were usually reversible.In placebo controlled clinical trials, an increased incidence of infection has been observed in elderly patients given Accolate (7.8% vs. 1.4%). Infections were usually mild, predominantly affecting the respiratory tract.

Toxicity

Side effects include rash and upset stomach.

Precaution

Accolate should be taken regularly to achieve benefit, even during symptom free periods. Accolate therapy should normally be continued during acute exacerbations of asthma. Accolate does not allow a reduction in existing steroid treatment. As with inhaled steroids and hormones (disodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium), Accolate is not indicated for use in the reversal of bronchospasm in acute asthma attacks. Accolate has not been evaluated in the treatment of labile (brittle) or unstable asthma.Cases of Churg Strauss syndrome have been reported in association with Accolate usage. A causal relationship has neither been confirmed nor refuted. If a patient develops a Churg Strauss syndrome type illness, Accolate should be stopped, a re-challenge test should not be performed and treatment should not be restarted.Elevations in serum transaminases can occur during treatment with Accolate. These are usually asymptomatic and transient but could represent early evidence of hepatotoxicity.If clinical symptoms or signs suggestive of liver dysfunction occur (e.g., nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, fatigue, lethargy, flu-like symptoms, enlarged liver, pruritus and jaundice), the serum transaminases, in particular serum ALT, should be measured and the patient managed accordingly. A decision to discontinue Accolate should be individualized to the patient’s condition, weighing the risk of hepatic dysfunction against the clinical benefit of Accolate to the patient.

Interaction

Accolate may be administered with other therapies routinely used in the management of asthma and allergy. Inhaled steroids, inhaled and oral bronchodilator therapy, antibiotics and antihistamines are examples of agents which have been co-administered with Accolate without adverse interaction.Accolate may be administered with oral contraceptives without adverse interaction. Co-administration with Warfarin results in an increase in maximum prothrombin time by approximately 35%. It is therefore recommended that if Accolate is co-administered with Warfarin, prothrombin time should be closely monitored. The interaction is probably due to an inhibition by Accolate of the cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme system. In clinical trials co-administration with Theophylline resulted in decreased plasma levels of Accolate, by approximately 30%, but with no effect on plasma Theophylline levels. However, during postmarketing surveillance, there have been rare cases of patients experiencing increased Theophylline levels when co-administered with Accolate.Co-administration with Terfenadine resulted in a 54% decrease in AUC for Accolate, but with no effect on plasma Terfenadine levels. Coadministration with Acetylsalicylic acid (650 mg four times a day) may result in increased plasma levels of Accolate, by approximately 45%.Co-administration with Erythromycin will result in decreased plasma levels of Accolate, by approximately 40%. The clearance of Accolate in smokers may be increased by approximately 20%

Food Interaction

• Take on an empty stomach. Take at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.

[Moderate] ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: Food may reduce the oral absorption and bioavailability of zafirlukast.

In two separate studies, one using a high-fat and the other a high-protein meal, administration of zafirlukast with food reduced the mean bioavailability by approximately 40%.

MANAGEMENT: To ensure maximal oral absorption, zafirlukast should be administered at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.

Accolate Drug Interaction

Moderate: aspirin, montelukast, budesonide / formoterolMinor: escitalopramUnknown: fluticasone / salmeterol, diphenhydramine, ubiquinone, formoterol / mometasone, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fluticasone nasal, pregabalin, albuterol, tiotropium, levothyroxine, albuterol, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, cetirizine

Accolate Disease Interaction

Major: liver disease

Volume of Distribution

• 70 L

Elimination Route

Rapidly absorbed following oral administration, reduced following a high-fat or high-protein meal.

Half Life

10 hours

Clearance

• apparent oral CL=20 L/h
• 11.4 L/h [7-11 yrs]
• 9.2 L/h [5-6 yrs]

Elimination Route

The most common metabolic products are hydroxylated metabolites which are excreted in the feces.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy: The safety of Accolate in human pregnancy has not been established. In animal studies, Accolate did not have any apparent effect on fertility and did not appear to have any teratogenic or selective toxic effect on the foetus. The potential risks should be weighed against the benefits of continuing therapy during pregnancy and Accolate should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.Lactation: Accolate is excreted in human breast milk. Accolate should not be administered to nursing mothers.

Contraindication

Accolate should not be given to patients who have previously experienced hypersensitivity to the product or any of its ingredients. Accolate is contraindicated in patients with a history of moderate or severe renal impairment. Accolate is contraindicated in patients with hepatic impairment or cirrhosis; it has not been studied in patients with hepatitis or in long term studies of patients with cirrhosis. Accolate is contraindicated in children under 7 years of age until safety information is available.

Storage Condition

Store between 20-25° C. Protect from light and moisture.

Innovators Monograph

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