Acupat

Acupat Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) chemically related to indomethacin and tolmetin. Ketorolac tromethamine is a racemic mixture of [-]S- and [+]R-enantiomeric forms, with the S-form having analgesic activity. Its antiinflammatory effects are believed to be due to inhibition of both cylooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which leads to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis leading to decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. The resultant reduction in prostaglandin synthesis and activity may be at least partially responsible for many of the adverse, as well as the therapeutic, effects of these medications. Analgesia is probably produced via a peripheral action in which blockade of pain impulse generation results from decreased prostaglandin activity. However, inhibition of the synthesis or actions of other substances that sensitize pain receptors to mechanical or chemical stimulation may also contribute to the analgesic effect. In terms of the ophthalmic applications of ketorolac - ocular administration of ketorolac reduces prostaglandin E2 levels in aqueous humor, secondary to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Ketorolac is a non-selective NSAID and acts by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes which are normally responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COX-1 enzyme is constitutively active and can be found in platelets, gastric mucosa, and vascular endothelium. On the other hand, the COX-2 enzyme is inducible and mediates inflammation, pain and fever.

As a result, inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme is linked to an increased risk of bleeding and risk of gastric ulceration, while the desired anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties are linked to inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, despite it's effectiveness in pain management, ketorolac should not be used long-term since this increases the risk of serious adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers, and perforations.

Olopatadine, an antihistamine, works by blocking the action of histamine in the body, which reduces allergy symptoms. Olopatadine Hydrochloride treats sneezing, itching, runny nose, and other nasal symptoms of allergies. Olopatadine Nasal Spray contains 0.6% w/v Olopatadine (base) in a nonsterile aqueous solution with pH of approximately 3.7. After initial priming (5 sprays), each metered spray from the nasal applicator delivers 100 microliters of the aqueous solution containing 665 mcg of olopatadine Hydrochloride, which is equivalent to 600 mcg of Olopatadine (base). Olopatadine Nasal Spray also contains benzalkonium chloride (0.01%), dibasic sodium phosphate, edetate disodium, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH), and purified water.

Inflammatory reactions in response to various stimuli are mediated by endogenous mediators and other pro-inflammatory factors. Histamine receptor activation and mast cell degranulation are primary mechanisms that cause inflammatory reactions such as ocular itching, hyperemia, chemosis, eyelid swelling, and tearing of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Olopatadine is an anti-allergenic molecule and mast cell stabilizer that inhibits the in vivo type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction. By blocking the effects of histamine, olopatadine works to reduce the symptoms of allergies and inflammation at various sites of administration, including the eyes and nose. It has shown to exert antihistaminic effects in isolated tissues, animal models, and humans. Olopatadine also demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of immunologically-stimulated release of histamine from rat basophilic leukemia cells and human conjunctival mast cells in vitro. Olopatadine has a relatively rapid onset of action and prolonged duration, where it was shown to mediate anti-histaminic effects at 5 minutes to 24 hours post-administration.

While olopatadine is a non-sedating antihistamine agent, there have been reports of somnolence in some patients taking nasal olopatadine during clinical trials. Temporary blurred vision or other visual disturbances were observed following ophthalmic administration. Olopatadine has negligible effects on alpha-adrenergic, dopamine, muscarinic type 1 and 2, and serotonin receptors. In clinical trials, there was no evidence of any effect of olopatadine on QT prolongation was observed following intranasal administration.

Acupat
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
Food Interaction
Half Life
Volume of Distribution
Clearance
Interaction With other Medicine
Contradiction
Storage

Trade Name	Acupat
Generic	Ketorolac + Olopatadine
Weight	0.4%, 0.1%
Type	Eye Drops
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer	Allergan India Pvt Ltd
Available Country	India
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

Ketorolac injections and tablets are used for the short-term management of moderate to severe acute post-operative pain.

Olopatadine Nasal Spray is an H1 receptor antagonist used for the relief of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in adults and children 6 years of age and older.

Acupat is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Migraine, Cystoid Macular Edema, Eye Pain, Inflammation, Ocular Itching, Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema, Acute Pericarditis, Acute, moderate Pain, Acute, severe Pain, Chronic aphakic cystoid macular edema, Intraoperative miosis, Postoperative ocular painAllergic Rhinitis (AR), Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis, Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

How Acupat works

Ketorolac inhibits key pathways in prostaglandin synthesis which is crucial to it's mechanism of action. Although ketorolac is non-selective and inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, it's clinical efficacy is derived from it's COX-2 inhibition. The COX-2 enzyme is inducible and is responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins that mediate inflammation and pain. By blocking this pathway, ketorolac achieves analgesia and reduces inflammation. Ketorolac is administered as a racemic mixture; however, the "S" enantiomer is largely responsible for it's pharmacological activity.

Histamine is a biogenic vasoactive amine that binds to its receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors. Signaling through the histamine H1 receptor is thought to primarily promote the activation of inflammatory reactions, such as allergy, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. H1 receptor signaling activates the intracellular transcription factors, such as IP3, PLC, PKC, DAG, and intracellular calcium ions, which all work to activate further downstream cascades. Activated downstream cascades lead to the production of cytokines, the release of mast cell inflammatory mediators, synthesis of prostacyclins, activation of platelet factor, as well as the synthesis of nitric oxide, arachidonic acid, and thromboxane, which all contribute to inflammatory reactions.

Olopatadine is an anti-allergic molecule that works via several mechanisms. As a mast cell stabilizer, it stabilizes rodent basophils and human conjunctival mast cells and inhibits the immunologically-stimulated release of histamine. Olopatadine acts as an antagonist at the histamine H1 receptors with high selectivity, which is explained by a unique receptor binding pocket that consists of the aspartate residue in the third transmembrane helix and other sites in the H1 receptor. Upon binding, olopatadine blocks the H1 receptor signaling pathway, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators, such as tryptase, prostaglandin D2, TNF-alpha, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also decreases chemotaxis and inhibits eosinophil activation. In vitro, olopatadine was shown to inhibit epithelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which promotes the recruitment of migrating pro-inflammatory mediators.

Dosage

Acupat dosage

Ketorolac Tablet-

Ketorolac Tablet isrecommended for short-term use only (up to 7 days) and are not recommended for chronic use. 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as required. Doses exceeding 40 mg/day are not recommended. For patients receiving parenteral Ketorolac tromethamine, and who are converted to Ketorolac tromethamine oral tablets, the total combined daily dose should not exceed 90 mg (60 mg for the elderly, renally impaired patients and patients less than 50 kg) and the oral component should not exceed 40 mg on the day the change of formulation is made. Patients should be converted to oral treatment as soon as possible.

Ketorolac injection-

Ketorolac injection may be used as a single or multiple doses, on a regular or when necessary schedule for the management of moderately severe, acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level, usually in a postoperative setting. When administering Ketorolac injection, the IV bolus must be given over no less than 15 seconds. The IM administration should be given slowly and deeply into the muscle. The analgesic effect begins within 30 minutes with maximum effect in 1 to 2 hours after dosing IV or IM. Duration of analgesic effect is usually 4 to 6 hours. Single-Dose Treatment: The following regimen should be limited to single administration use only.

IM Dosing (Adult):

Patients <65 years of age: One dose of 60 mg.
Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired and/or less than 50 kg of body weight: One dose of 30 mg.

IV Dosing (Adult):

Patients <65 years of age: One dose of 30 mg.
Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired and/or less than 50 kg of body weight: One dose of 15 mg.

IV or IM Dosing (2 to 16 years of age):

IM Dosing: One dose of 1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 30 mg.
IV Dosing: One dose of 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 15 mg.

Multiple-Dose Treatment (IV or IM):

Patients <65 years of age: The recommended dose is 30 mg Ketorolac injection every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 120 mg. Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired patients and patients less than 50 kg: The recommended dose is 15 mg Ketorolac injection every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose for these populations should not exceed 60 mg. For breakthrough pain, do not increase the dose or the frequency of Ketorolac Tromethamine.
Conversion from Parenteral to Oral Therapy: Ketorolac tablets may be used either as monotherapy or as follow-on therapy to parenteral Ketorolac. When Ketorolac tablets are used as a follow-on therapy to parenteral Ketorolac, the total combined daily dose of ketorolac (oral + parenteral) should not exceed 120 mg in younger adult patients or 60 mg in elderly patients on the day the change of formulation is made. On subsequent days, oral dosing should not exceed the recommended daily maximum of 40 mg. Ketorolac IM should be replaced by Ketorolac tablet as soon as feasible. The total duration of combined parenteral andoral treatment should not exceed 5 days.

Ketorolac Nasal spray-

Adults weighing 50 kg or more: 31.5 mg or 2 spray in each nostril every 6 to 8 hours. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed. However, the dose is not more than 126 mg (a total of 8 sprays) per day.
Older adults and adults weighing less than 50 kg:15.75 mg or 1 spray in only one nostril every 6 to 8 hours. However, the dose is usually not more than 63 mg (a total of 4 sprays) per day.
Children: Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

Adults and Adolescents 12 years of age and older: Two sprays per nostril twice daily.

Children 6 to 11 years of age: One spray per nostril twice daily.

Administer OlopatadineNasal Spray by the intranasal route only.

Side Effects

Commonly occurring side-effects are nausea, vomiting, gastro intestinal bleeding,melaena, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, anxiety, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, hallucinations,excessive thirst, inability to concentrate, insomnia, malaise, fatigue, pruritus, urticaria, skin photosensitivity, Lyell's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, flushing, bradycardia, hypertension, palpitations, chest pain, infertility in female, dyspnoea, asthma, pulmonary oedema, fever, injection site pain.

A bitter taste in the mouth, nosebleeds, or irritation/soreness in the nose may occur. Drowsiness may rarely occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

Toxicity

The rate of adverse effects increases with higher doses of ketorolac. The most frequently observed adverse effects in patients occurring with an incidence of greater than 10% include: abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, and headaches. Most adverse effects associated with short term use are mild in nature, related to the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and occur in roughly 39% of patients. Common symptoms of ketorolac overdose include nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, lethargy and drowsiness. More rare symptoms of overdose include acute renal failure, hypertension, respiratory depression, and coma.

Ketorolac is classified as Pregnancy Category C since there is a lack of evidence demonstrating safety in pregnant women. NSAIDs including ketorolac increase the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus in the 3rd trimester; therefore, beginning at 30 weeks gestation, pregnant women should avoid ketorolac.

Ketorolac has been shown to be excreted in breast milk, and although available data has not demonstrated any adverse effects in nursing infants, practitioners should proceed with caution when suggesting ketorolac for nursing mothers. The benefits should outweigh the risks and the mother should be counselled to monitor the infant closely and to contact the infant's healthcare provider should any adverse effects arise.

Women who are trying to conceive are not advised to take ketorolac since it's effect on prostaglandin synthesis may impair fertility.

Based on the findings of an acute toxicity study in animals, the oral LD₅₀ of olopatadine was >1150 mg/kg in mice and >3870 mg/kg in rats. The Lowest published toxic dose via the oral route was 20 mg/kg in rat and 0.1 mg/kg in mouse.

There are no known reports on overdosage following oral, ophthalmic, or intranasal administration of olopatadine. Likely symptoms of antihistamine overdose may include drowsiness in adults and, initially, agitation and restlessness, followed by drowsiness in children. In case of suspected overdose, supportive and symptomatic treatment is recommended.

Precaution

Patients over the age of 65 years may be at a greater risk of experiencing adverse events than younger patients. Ketorolac tromethamine can cause gastro-intestinal irritation, ulcers or bleeding in patients with or without a history of previous symptoms. Bronchospasm may be precipitated in patients with a history of asthma. Since ketorolac tromethamine and its metabolites are excreted primarily by the kidney, patients with moderate to severe impairment of renal function (serum creatinine greater than 160 micromol/l) should not receive. Fluid retention and oedema have been reported with the use of Ketorolac tromethamine.

Before initial use, Olopatadine Nasal Spray by releasing 5 sprays or until a fine mist appears. When Olopatadine Nasal Spray has not been used for more than 7 days, re-prime by releasing 2 sprays. Avoid spraying Olopatadine Nasal Spray into the eyes. Patients should be informed to avoid spraying Olopatadine Nasal Spray in their eyes.

Interaction

Ketorolac tromethamine should not be used with other NSAIDs or in patients receiving aspirin because of the potential for additive side effects. Care should be taken when administering Ketorolac tromethamine with anti-coag ulants since co-administration may cause an enhanced anti-coagulant effect. Ketorolac tromethamine and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the anti hypertensive effect of beta-blockers and may increase the risk of renal impairment when administered concurrently with ACE inhibitors, particularly in volume depleted patients. Caution is advised when methotrexate is administered concurrently, since some prostaglandin synthesis inhibiting drugs have been reported to reduce the clearance of methotrexate, and thus possibly enhance its toxicity. Probenecid should not be administered concurrently with ketorolac tromethamine because of increases in ketorolac plasma level and half-life.

Interaction with other medications have not been investigated.

Volume of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of ketorolac in healthy human subjects is 0.25 L/kg or less.

In an open-label study consisting of healthy Chinese subjects receiving oral administration of olopatadine, the mean apparent volume of distribution was 133.83 L.

Elimination Route

Ketorolac is rapidly, and completely absorbed after oral administration with a bioavailability of 80% after oral administration. Cmax is attained 20-60 minutes after administration, and after intramuscular administration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) is proportional to the dose administered.

After intramuscular administration, ketorolac demonstrates a time to maximal plasma concentration (tmax) of approximately 45-50 minutes, and a tmax of 30-40 minutes after oral administration. The rate of absorption may be reduced by food; however, the extent of absorption remains unaffected.

Ocular administration of olopatadine in healthy subjects resulted in the Cmax of 1.6 ± 0.9 ng/mL, which was reached after about 2.0 hours. The AUC was 9.7 ± 4.4 ngxh/mL.

The average absolute bioavaiability of intranasal olopatadine is about 57%. Following intranasal administration in healthy subjects, the Cmax of 6.0 ± 8.99 ng/mL at steady-state was reached between 30 minutes to 1 hour after twice daily intranasal administration. The average AUC was 66.0 ± 26.8 ng·h/mL. In patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, the Cmax of 23.3 ± 6.2 ng/mL at steady-state was reached between 15 minutes and 2 hours post-dosing and the average AUC was 78.0 ± 13.9 ng·h/mL.

Half Life

Ketorolac tromethamine is administered as a racemic mixture, therefore the half-life of each enantiomer must be considered. The half life of the S-enantiomer is ~2.5 hours, while the half life of the R-enantiomer is ~5 hours. Based on this data, the S enantiomer is cleared about twice as fast as the R enantiomer.

Following ocular administration, the elimination half-life of olopatadine was 3.4 ± 1.2 hours. In oral pharmacokinetics study, the elimination half-life was reported to be 8 to 12 hours.

Clearance

The plasma clearance of ketorolac is 0.021 to 0.037 L/h/kg. Further, studies have illustrated that clearance of oral, IM and IV doses of ketorolac are comparable which suggests linear kinetics. It should also be noted that clearance in children is about double the clearance found in adults.

In an open-label study consisting of healthy Chinese subjects receiving oral administration of olopatadine, the mean apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was 23.45 L/h.

Elimination Route

Ketorolac is primarily renally eliminated and approximately 92% of the dose can be recovered in the urine with 60% of this proportion recovered unchanged, and 40% recovered as metabolites. In addition 6% of a single dose is eliminated in the feces.

Olopatadine is mainly eliminated through urinary excretion. Following oral administration, about 70% and 17% of the total dose was recovered in the urine and feces, respectively.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Ketorolac has been detected in human milk at low levels. Ketorolac is therefore contraindicated during pregnancy, labour or delivery, or in mothers who are breast feeding.

Pregnancy Category C; No adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have been conducted. Olopatadine Nasal Spray should be used in pregnant women only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the embryo or fetus.

Lactation: It is not known whether topical nasal administration could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in human breast milk. Olopatadine Nasal Spray should be used by nursing mothers only if the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the potential risks to the infant.

Contraindication

Ketorolac Tromethamine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs and any of the components of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Moreover, the patient with the history of asthma, nasal polyp, angioedema, peptic ulcer and bleeding, bleeding disorders are contraindicated for this drug.