Albenic

Uses

Albendazoleis used as anthelmintic against most nematodes and cestodes. It is effective against these gastro-intestinal parasites Bunostomum, Chabertia, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Strongyloides, Dictyocaulusviviparus, Monieziaexpansa, Liver flukes and Paramphistomes. It is also effective against different types of worms, lung flukes and lung nematodes.

Niclosamide is an anthelmintic indicated in the treatment of beef, pork, fish, and dwarf tapeworm infections in adults and children.

For the treatment of tapeworm and intestinal fluke infections: Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm), Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm), Fasciolopsis buski (large intestinal fluke). Niclosamide is also used as a molluscicide in the control of schistosomiasis.

Albenic is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Ascariasis, Hookworm Infection, Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium, Other specified protozoal diseasesHelminthic infection, Tapeworm infestation

How Albenic works

Albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by diminishing its energy production, ultimately leading to immobilization and death of the parasite. It works by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. As cytoplasmic microtubules are critical in promoting glucose uptake in larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, the glycogen stores of the parasites are depleted. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth.

Niclosamide works by killing tapeworms on contact. Adult worms (but not ova) are rapidly killed, presumably due to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or stimulation of ATPase activity. The killed worms are then passed in the stool or sometimes destroyed in the intestine. Niclosamide may work as a molluscicide by binding to and damaging DNA.

Dosage

Albenic dosage

To keep animal free from helminths animal should be treated at 3 months interval.

Cattle & Buffalo: 7.5-10 mg/kg body weight or 14 bolus for 30-40 kg body weight, 12 bolus for 60-80 kg body weight & 1 boli for 120-160 kg body weight.

Goat & Sheep: 5-7.5 mg/kg body weight or 112 bolus for 13-20 kg body weight & 1 6 bolus for 27-40 kg body weight.

Dog & Cat: 15 mg/kg body weight or 18 bolus for 8-10 kg body weight & 14 bolus for 16-20 kg body weight.

Or as directed by the registered Veterinarian.

Side Effects

Albendazole is time tested and clinically proven well tolerated drug. Established wide safety margin than any other anthelmentic due to greater selective affinity for parasitic b-tubulin than for animal tissues. However, in some cases nausea and vomiting may occur.

Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include elevated liver enzymes, headaches, hair loss, low levels of white blood cells (neutropenia), fever, and itching.

Infrequent, mild, and transitory adverse events include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.

Precaution

Before using Albendazole inform the registered Veterinarian that your animals are not allergic to it; or to other benzimidazole anthelmintic drugs (e.g. Mebendazole).

Interaction

Albendazole has been shown to induce liver enzymes of the cytochrome P-450 system responsible for its own metabolism. There is, therefore, a theoretical risk of interaction with theophylline, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, oral contraceptives and oral hypoglycaemics. Care should therefore be exercised during the introduction of Albendazole in patients receiving the above groups of compounds

Elimination Route

Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract due to its low aqueous solubility. Oral bioavailability appears to be enhanced when coadministered with a fatty meal (estimated fat content 40 g)

Niclosamide appears to be minimally absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract—neither the drug nor its metabolites have been recovered from the blood or urine.

Half Life

Terminal elimination half-life ranges from 8 to 12 hours (single dose, 400mg).

Elimination Route

Albendazole is rapidly converted in the liver to the primary metabolite, albendazole sulfoxide, which is further metabolized to albendazole sulfone and other primary oxidative metabolites that have been identified in human urine. Urinary excretion of albendazole sulfoxide is a minor elimination pathway with less than 1% of the dose recovered in the urine. Biliary elimination presumably accounts for a portion of the elimination as evidenced by biliary concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide similar to those achieved in plasma.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Albendazole should not use first 45 days of pregnancy of cow. Do not administer to ewes or does during the first 30 days of pregnancy. Sufficient data on use during lactation is not available. Therefore breast feeding should be discontinued during and for a minimum of 5 days after treatment.

Contraindication

This is known to be teratogenic and embryo-toxic in some animals. Therefore it should not be administered during pregnancy or in women thought to be pregnant. It should only be used in the treatment of echinococcosis if there is constant medical supervision with regular monitoring of serumtransaminase concentrations and of leucocyte and platelet counts.

Acute Overdose

If poisoning or excessive overdosageis suspected, it is recommended for vomiting be induction or gastric lavage and such symptomatic supportive therapy to be administered.

Storage Condition

Do not store above 30 degree centigrade. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children.

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