Almentin

Uses

Amoxicillin is used for the treatment of the following bacterial infections when caused by susceptible organisms:

• Respiratory tract, ENT infections: Acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis & laryngitis, lobar & bronchopneumonia, chronic bronchial sepsis.
• Urinary tract infections: Pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis.
• Obstetric & gynaecological infections: Bacteriuria in pregnancy, septic abortion, intra-abdominal sepsis and puerperal sepsis.
• Gastro-intestinal infections: Typhoid and paratyphoid.
• Skin & soft tissue infections: Cellulitis, infected wounds and abscesses.
• Generalized infections: Septicemia, bacterial endocarditis, meningitis, peritonitis and osteomyelitis.
• Venereal infections: Gonorrhea and syphilis. Amoxicillin may also be used as prophylactic cover for patients at risk of developing endocarditis when undergoing dental surgery.

Clavulanic acid is a beta lactamase inhibitor used to enhance the effectiveness of beta lactam antibiotics.

Clavulanic acid combined with other antibiotics is indicated to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of bacteria and promotes their therapeutic antibacterial effects.

The following conditions, when they produced beta-lactamases, have been treated with a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid or ticarcillin and clavulanic acid:

Acute otitis media caused by H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis

Sinusitis due to H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis

Lower respiratory tract infections due to Haemophilus influenzae, S.aureus, Klebsiella species, and Moraxella catarrhalis

Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species

Urinary Tract Infections due to E. coli, Klebsiella species of bacteria, and Enterobacter species of bacteria, S.marcescens, or S.aureus

Gynecologic infections due to a variety of bacteria, including P.melaninogenicus, Enterobacter species, E.Coli species, Klebsiella species, S. aureus, S.epidermidis

Septicemia due to a variety of bacteria, including Klebsiella species, E.Coli species, S.aureus, or Pseudomonas species

Bone and joint infections due to S.aureus

Intraabdominal infections due to E.Coli, K.pnemoniae, or B.fragilis group

A note on susceptibility

It should be noted that it is only to be administered in infections that are confirmed or highly likely to be caused by susceptible bacteria. Culture and susceptibility tests should be performed if possible and used in selecting whether this antibiotic is prescribed. When beta-lactamase enzyme production is not detected during microbiological testing, clavulanic acid should not be used. When these tests are not available patterns of local infection and susceptibility may be used to determine the appropriateness of using clavulanic acid. Ticarcillin with clavulanate has shown particular efficacy in mixed infections in addition to empiric therapy before determining the susceptibility of causative organisms. The ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combination may prove to be an effective single-agent antibiotic therapy to treat infections where a regimen of several drugs may normally be used.

Lactic acid is an emollient and keratolytic used agent in various cosmetic products and used as an additive in various pharmaceutical products for its antibacterial properties.

For use as an alkalinizing agent.

Almentin is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS), Acute Otitis Media, Acute Otitis Media (AOM), Bacterial Infections, Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Duodenal ulcer caused by helicobacter pylori, Genitourinary infections, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI), Peptic Ulcer With H. Pylori Infection, Sinusitis, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections, Urinary Tract Infection, Acute, uncomplicated Gonorrhea, Ear, nose, and throat infectionsAcute Cystitis, Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Pneumonia, Bacterial infection due to streptococcus, group A, Bloodstream Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Bronchitis, Cysto-Urethritis, Gonorrhoea, Gynaecological infection, Haemophilus Influenzae, Infection Due to Escherichia Coli, Intraabdominal Infections, Lower Respiratory Infection, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI), Moraxella catarrhalis, Otitis Media (OM), Pharyngitis, Proteus mirabilis, Sinusitis, Skin and skin structure infections, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Tonsillitis, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Urinary Tract Infection, Skin and skin-structure infections, Susceptible Bacterial InfectionsCorns, Dehydration, Fluid Loss, Hyperkeratosis, Lichenification, Shock, Hypovolemic, Vasoplegic Shock, Warts, Mild Metabolic acidosis, Mild, moderate Metabolic Acidosis, Moderate Metabolic acidosis, Chemical contraception, Electrolyte replacement, Fluid replacement therapy, Parenteral Nutrition, Peritoneal dialysis therapy, Urine alkalinization therapy

How Almentin works

Amoxicillin competitively inhibits penicillin-binding protein 1 and other high molecular weight penicillin binding proteins. Penicillin bind proteins are responsible for glycosyltransferase and transpeptidase reactions that lead to cross-linking of D-alanine and D-aspartic acid in bacterial cell walls. Without the action of penicillin binding proteins, bacteria upregulate autolytic enzymes and are unable to build and repair the cell wall, leading to bacteriocidal action.

Clavulanic acid contains a beta-lactam ring in its structure that binds in an irreversible fashion to beta-lactamases, preventing them from inactivating certain beta-lactam antibiotics, with efficacy in treating susceptible gram-positive and gram-negative infections.

Lactate ions are metabolized ultimately to carbon dioxide and water, which requires the consumption of hydrogen cations.

Dosage

Almentin dosage

Ear/Nose/ThroatInfection (Mild to Moderate):

• Adult:500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children:25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Ear/Nose/ThroatInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Lower respiratory tractInfection (Mild/ Moderate/Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Skin/skin structureInfection (Mild/Moderate):

• Adult: 500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Skin/skin structureInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Genitourinary tractInfection (Mild/ Moderate):

• Adult: 500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Genitourinary tractInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Gonorrhea, Acute, uncomplicated ano-genital, and urethral infections in males and females:

• Adult: 3 g as single oral dose
• Prepubertal children: 50 mg/Kg/Amoxycillin, combined with 25 mg/kg Probenecid as a single dose. Since Probenecid is contraindicated in children under 2 years, do not use this regimen in these cases.

Suspension: Shake the bottle well before adding water. Then add 12 tea spoonful (60 ml) of boiled and cooled water to the bottle and shake well to make 100 ml suspension.

Amoxycillin 500 mg Injection:

• Intramuscular : Add 2.5 ml water for injection to Amoxycillin 500 mg injection vial.
• Intravenous : Dissolve Amoxycillin 500 mg injection in 10 ml water for injection.

Side Effects

Side effects are mild, rare and infrequent. As with other penicillins, it may induce diarrhea, indigestion or skin rashes that usually stop during treatment and rarely calls for discontinuation of therapy.

Toxicity

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hematuria, oliguria, abdominal pain, acute renal failure, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hyperactivity, and drowsiness. Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment, which may include emesis or hemodialysis.

LD50 information

Clavulanic acid has demonstrated low oral acute toxicity in adult rodents, having an LD50 of more than 2000 mg/kg. The toxicity of clavulanic acid on pre-weaning rats was also studied. Gastrointestinal disturbance and mortality occurred, even at lower clavulanic acid doses of 125 mg/kg.

Overdose information

Overdose information has been obtained for the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, as these drugs are frequently administered together in a single product. Changes in fluid and electrolyte balances and gastrointestinal symptoms may occur in the case of an overdose. Offer symptomatic treatment or gastrointestinal disturbances, while considering the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance. This drug may be removed by a session of hemodialysis. When coadministered with amoxicillin, crystalluria causing renal failure has been observed. Seizures may also occur in a case of overdose, or in a patient with renal failure.

Precaution

In renal impairment, the excretion of antibiotic will be delayed and depending on the degree of impairment it may be necessary to reduce the total daily dose.

Interaction

The simultaneous use of Amoxicillin and an oral contraceptive might cause breakthrough bleeding or pregnancy on rare occasions. Concurrent administration of probenecid delays the excretion of Amoxicillin.

Volume of Distribution

The central volume of distribution of amoxicillin is 27.7L.

A study in 4 healthy volunteers administered a radiolabeled dose of clavulanic acid determined a volume of distribution of 12L.Clavulanic acid is distributed to various tissues and interstitial fluid. Clinically significant concentrations have been measured in the gallbladder, abdomen, skin, fat, and muscle tissues. Bile, pus, synovial and peritoneal fluids are also found to have therapeutic concentrations of clavulanic acid. Studies of animals have demonstrated that clavulanic crosses the placenta.

Elimination Route

Amoxicillin is approximately 60% bioavailable. A 250mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a C_max 3.93±1.13mg/L with a T_max 1.31±0.33h and an AUC of 27.29±4.72mg*h/L. A 875mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a C_max 11.21±3.42mg/L with a T_max 1.52±0.40h and an AUC of 55.04±12.68mg*h/L.

Clavulanic acid, when taken orally, is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. After administration of radiolabeled clavulanic acid to four human subjects, a minimum of 73% absorption and the average absolute bioavailability was calculated at 64%. The mean Cmax in a group of 8 healthy research volunteers was 2.098 ± 0.441 micrograms/ml in a pharmacokinetic study. The same study reported a mean Tmax of 1.042 ± 0.80 hours. Tmax is reported to be 40-120 minutes according to another pharmacokinetic study.

Half Life

The half life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes.

The half-life of clavulanic acid is reported to be similar to amoxicillin, and last 45-90 minutes. A study of radiolabeled clavulanic acid administered to 4 healthy volunteers determined a half-life of 0.8 h.

Clearance

The mean clearance of amoxicillin is 21.3L/h.

The clearance of clavulanic acid in a pharmacokinetic study of 4 healthy volunteers administered a radiolabeled dose of clavulanic acid was 0.21 l/min. Another resource indicates the average clearance of clavulanic acid is 12.20 liters/h/70 kg. Dose adjustments may be required in patients with renal failure.

Elimination Route

125mg to 1g doses of amoxicillin are 70-78% eliminated in the urine after 6 hours.

About 40 to 65% of the clavulanic acid is excreted as unchanged drug in urine during the first 6 hours following ingestion. The metabolites of clavulanic acid are found to be excreted in the urine and feces and as carbon dioxide in expired air. Clavulanate is cleared by both renal and non-renal processes. About 17% of radiolabeled dose of clavulanic acid was found to be exhaled in expired air and 8% of a dose was found to be excreted in the feces.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Because of its lack of teratogenicity, Amoxicillin can beused safely throughout pregnancy at the normal adult dose. The small amount of Amoxicillin secreted in maternal milk rarely causes problem in the infant. It can therefore be used safely during lactation in most instances.

Contraindication

Amoxicillin is contraindicated for patients hypersensitive to penicillin, infectious mononucleosis, neonatal period or babies born of mothers hypersensitive to penicillin

Acute Overdose

If encountered, gastro-intestinal symptoms and disturbance of the fluid and electrolyte balance may be evident. They may be treated symptomatically and supportive with attention to the water/ electrolyte balance. In the absence of an adequate fluid intake and urinary output, crystalluria is a possibility and the antibiotic may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis. Oral administration can cause gastro intestinal symptoms such as transient diarrhoea, nausea and colic which are dose related and a result of local irritation not toxicity.

Storage Condition

Store in a cool & dry place protected from light. Amoxicillin suspension and drops should be freshly prepared, stored in a cool dry place preferably in a refrigerator. Reconstituted suspension and drops should be used within 5 days if kept at room temperature or within 7 days if kept in a refrigerator.

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