And Phenol
And Phenol Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Allantoin is a substance that is endogenous to the human body and also found as a normal component of human diets . In healthy human volunteers, the mean plasma concentration of allantoin is about 2-3 mg/l. During exercise, the plasma allantoin concentration rapidly increases about two fold and remains elevated . In human muscle, urate is oxidized to allantoin during such exercise . The concentration of allantoin in muscles increases from a resting value of about 5000 ug/kg to about 16000 ug/kg immediately after short-term exhaustive cycling exercise .
More specifically, allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid that is produced from uric acid. It is a major metabolic intermediate in most organisms. Allantoin is found in OTC cosmetic products and other commercial products such as oral hygiene products, in shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions . Allantoin has also demonstrated to ameliorate the wound healing process in some studies .
There is no well controlled and appropriate data that can formally substantiate the pharmacodynamic properties of allantoin . Nevertheless, ongoing studies suggest that allantoin possesses moisturizing and keratolytic effects, as well as abilities to increase the water content of the extracellular matrix and enhance the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, all of which are activities that can promote cell proliferation and facilitate wound healing .
A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially cinnamomum camphora. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.
Phenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. Phenol has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis. Additionally, phenol and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed phenolization. Research indicates that parental exposure to phenol and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion. During the second world war, phenol injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis. Phenol is a toxic compound whose vapours are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
| Trade Name | And Phenol |
| Generic | Allantoin + camphor + phenol |
| Weight | 1% + 0.5% + 0.5% |
| Type | Topical ointment, topical |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | United States |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Allantoin is an ingredient used in skin care products to relieve irritation and protect minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Allantoin is commonly applied in a variety of topical vehicles or applications such as cosmetic creams, toothpastes, mouthwashes, shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, and lotions for the purpose of moisturizing skin, enhancing the smoothness of skin, stimulating the healing of wounds, and soothing irritated skin .
Camphor is a compound used topically to help relieve pain and also as a topical antiseptic. May also be used in vaporizers to help suppress coughing. This medication should not be swallowed.
Phenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant used in a variety of settings.
Phenol is primarily indicated for minor sore throat pain, sore mouth, minor mouth irritation, and pain associated with canker sores. Additionally, phenol is indicated in the treatment of focal spasticity.
And Phenol is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Scarring, Dental cleaning, Skin Lightening, Skin protectionArthritis, Backache, Common Cold, Contusions, Inflammatory Reaction caused by Insect Bites, Joint Pain, Muscle Cramps, Nasal Congestion, Pain caused by Insect Bites, Rash, Skin Irritation, Soreness, Muscle, Sunburn, Swelling caused by Insect Bites, Minor burns, Neck or back pain, Shoulder acheDermatitis, Dermatitis, Eczematous, Irritation lips, Pruritis of the skin, Psoriasis, Ringworm, Sore Throat, Throat irritation, Moderate, stable Psoriasis
How And Phenol works
There is no well controlled data that can formally substantiate the method of action . However, ongoing studies suggest that there may exist a histological wound healing profile induced by allantoin in rats that leads to the amelioration and fastening of the reestablishment of normal skin . This facilitation of wound healing is supported by observations that wounds inflicted to rat subjects to which topical allantoin preparations were applied histologically demonstrated increased vasodilation, presence of inflammatory exudates, number of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and increased collagen deposition when compared to rat subjects with wounds that did not receive any allantoin administration .
Phenol is a potent proteolytic agent. Concentrations in the 5% to 7% range dissolve tissue on contact via proteolysis. In high concentrations when injected next to a nerve, phenol produces a chemical neurolysis which is nonselective across nerve fiber size and most prominent on its outer aspect. Local anesthetic effects occur within 5-10 minutes.
Toxicity
No studies on repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity have been submitted. Moreover, studies show that the tumor incidence in allantoin treated animals did not differ largely from that found in untreated controls. As a result, further or additional toxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity tests are not required in view of the endogenous nature of allantoin and the general lack of overall toxicity .
Finally, as allantoin is a normal component of the diet in humans and is a substance of endogenous origin present in the body of humans, it is generally recognized as being a safe substance for humans .
Mouse, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.3-0.35 g/kg. (Duplay and Cazin, 1891; Tollens, 1905). Rat, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.45. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944). Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.53. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944). Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.65. (Flickinger, 1976). Rat, Cutaneous, LD50: 0.67. (Conning and Hayes, 1970).
Volume of Distribution
At I5 min after exposure, the liver contained the highest level of phenol, consisting mainly of free phenol. After 82 minutes post administration, phenol is uniformly distributed in the liver, blood, kidneys, lungs, along with the heart, testes, thymus and the spleen. With the passage of time, the proportion of free to conjugated phenol changed. By 360 minutes most phenol appears in conjugated forms.
Elimination Route
In studies on human subjects, a recovery of 19% and 34% of allantoin in the urine was observed but only in two individuals and only after the administration of massive doses of allantoin . After intravenous administration, recovery in the urine was practically quantitative with doses of 75 to 600 mgm in the human model . After 240 mgm, excretion continued for 72 hours in human subjects and the results were similar in regards to subcutaneous injection .
Phenol is rapidly absorbed through the skin and into the lungs.
Half Life
When studied in cattle, sheep, and horses, the half-life of allantoin is in the range of 1 to 2.5 hours .
Clearance
Some studies suggest that the average renal clearance of allantoin in normal, healthy human subjects is approximately 123 cc per minute . It is generally agreed upon that exogenously administered allantoin is rapidly excreted .
In rabbits, 72% is excreted in the urine, 1% in the feces, 4% in the carcass following sacrifice, and trace amounts were exhaled.
Elimination Route
Urinary clearance is the predominant excretion route .
The kidney is the primary route of elimination of phenol.
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