Апидра

Uses

Апидра is used to improve glycemic control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus.

Апидра is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia during critical illness

How Апидра works

Insulin glulisine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism and catabolism. In humans, insulin is stored in the form of hexamers; however, only insulin monomers are able to interact with IR. Substitution of the arginine at position B3 for lysine and replacement of the B29 lysine with glutamic acid decreases the propensity to form hexamers, stabilizes the hormone in monomeric form and results in a rapid rate of absorption and short duration of action.

Dosage

Апидра dosage

Апидра is a recombinant insulin analog that is equipotent to human insulin (i.e. one unit of Апидра has the same glucose lowering effect as one unit of regular human insulin) when given intravenously. When given subcutaneously, Апидра has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action than regular human insulin.

The dosage of Апидра must be individualized. Blood glucose monitoring is essential in all patients receiving insulin therapy. The total daily insulin requirement may vary and is usually between 0.5 to 1 Unit/kg/day. Insulin requirements may be altered during stress, major illness, or with changes in exercise, meal patterns, or coadministered drugs.

Subcutaneous administration: Апидра should be given within 15 minutes before a meal or within 20 minutes after starting a meal. Апидра given by subcutaneous injection should generally be used in regimens with an intermediate or long acting insulin. Апидра should be administered by subcutaneous injection in the abdominal wall, thigh, or upper arm. Injection sites should be rotated within the same region (abdomen, thigh or upper arm) from one injection to the next to reduce the risk of lipodystrophy

Continuous subcutaneous infusion (insulin pump): Апидра may be administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion in the abdominal wall. Do not use diluted or mixed insulins in external insulin pumps. Infusion sites should be rotated within the same region to reduce the risk of lipodystrophy. The initial programming of the external insulin infusion pump should be based on the total daily insulin dose of the previous regimen.

Intravenous administration: Апидра can be administered intravenously under medical supervision for glycemic control with close monitoring of blood glucose and serum potassium to avoid hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. For intravenous use, Апидра should be used at concentrations of 0.05 Units/mL to 1 Unit/mL insulin glulisine in infusion systems using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags. Апидра has been shown to be stable only in normal saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not administer insulin mixtures intravenously.

Side Effects

Some times severe, life-threatening allergic reactions can happen with insulin. If you think you are having a severe allergic reaction, get medical help right away. Signs of insulin allergy include:

• rash all over your body
• shortness of breath
• wheezing (trouble breathing)
• fast pulse
• sweating
• low blood pressure

Toxicity

Inappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweating, anxiety, hunger, nausea and tingling. Neuroglycopenic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include difficulty concentrating, lethargy/weakness, confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, difficulty speaking, headache, and dizziness. Mild hypoglycemia is characterized by the presence of autonomic symptoms. Moderate hypoglycemia is characterized by the presence of autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms. Individuals may become unconscious in severe cases of hypoglycemia.

Precaution

Renal or hepatic impairment. Regular monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c. Rotate Inj sites to reduce lipodystrophy . Pregnancy, lactation.

Interaction

Possible absence of hypoglycaemic warning symptoms with beta-blockers. Decreased hypoglycaemic effect with corticosteroids, danazol, diazoxide, diuretics, glucagon, isoniazid, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, sympathomimetic agents, thyroid hormones, oestrogens, progestins (e.g. in oral contraceptives), protease inhibitors and atypical antipsychotics (e.g. olanzapine and clozapine). Increased hypoglycaemic effect with oral antidiabetic agents, ACE inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, MAOIs, pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, salicylates and sulfonamide antibiotics. Decreased insulin resistance with octreotide and lanreotide. Increased risk of wt gain and peripheral oedema with pioglitazone, rosiglitazone. Decreased effect of sermorelin.

Food Interaction

• Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may impair blood glucose control.

Volume of Distribution

13 L

Elimination Route

In a study in patients with type 1 diabetes (n=20) after subcutaneous administration of 0.15 units/kg, the median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) was 60 minutes (range 40 to 120 minutes) and the peak concentration (Cmax) was 83 microunits/mL (range 40 to 131 microunits/mL) for insulin glulisine compared to a median Tmax of 120 minutes (range 60 to 239 minutes) and a Cmax of 50 microunits/mL (range 35 to 71 microunits/mL) for regular human insulin. When insulin glulisine was injected subcutaneously into different areas of the body, the time-concentration profiles were similar. The absolute bioavailability of insulin glulisine after subcutaneous administration is approximately 70%, regardless of injection area (abdomen 73%, deltoid 71%, thigh 68%).

Half Life

Elimination half life= 42 minutes (following subcutaneous injection)

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Nursing mothers: It is unknown whether insulin glulisine is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Апидра is administered to a nursing woman. Use of Апидра is compatible with breast feeding, but women with diabetes who are lactating may require adjustments of their insulin doses.

Contraindication

Апидра is contraindicated during episodes of hypoglycemia, in patients who are hypersensitive to Апидра or to any of its excipients.

When used in patients with known hypersensitivity to Апидра or its excipients, patients may develop localized or generalized hypersensitivity reactions

Special Warning

Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness of subcutaneous injections of Апидра have been established in pediatric patients (age 4 to 17 years) with type 1 diabetes. Апидра has not been studied in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes younger than 4 years of age and in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes. As in adults, the dosage of Апидра must be individualized in pediatric patients based on metabolic needs and frequent monitoring of blood glucose

Geriatric use: In clinical trials (n=2408), Апидра was administered to 147 patients ≥65 years of age and 27 patients ≥75 years of age. The majority of this small subset of elderly patients had type 2 diabetes. The change in HbA1c values and hypoglycemia frequencies did not differ by age. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when Апидра is administered to geriatric patients.

Renal impairment: Dose reduction may be needed

Hepatic impairment: Dose reduction may be needed

Acute Overdose

Excess insulin may cause hypoglycemia and, particularly when given intravenously, hypokalemia. Mild episodes of hypoglycemia usually can be treated with oral glucose. Adjustments in drug dosage, meal patterns, or exercise may be needed. More severe episodes of hypoglycemia with coma, seizure, or neurologic impairment may be treated with intramuscular/subcutaneous glucagon or concentrated intravenous glucose. Sustained carbohydrate intake and observation may be necessary because hypoglycemia may recur after apparent clinical recovery. Hypokalemia must be corrected appropriately.

Storage Condition

Unopened Апидра vials and cartridge systems should be stored in a refrigerator 2°C-8°C. Protect from light. Апидра should not be stored in the freezer and it should not be allowed to freeze. Discard if it has been frozen. Unopened vials/cartridge systems not stored in a refrigerator must be used within 28 days.

Opened vials, whether or not refrigerated, must be used within 28 days. If refrigeration is not possible, the open vial in use can be kept unrefrigerated for up to 28 days away from direct heat and light, as long as the temperature is not greater than 25°C.

Innovators Monograph

You find simplified version here Апидра