Apo-Trandolapril
Apo-Trandolapril Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Apo-Trandolapril is a non-sulhydryl prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is metabolized to its biologically active diacid form, trandolaprilat, in the liver. Apo-Trandolaprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Apo-Trandolapril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, to improve survival following myocardial infarction in clinically stable patients with left ventricular dysfunction, as an adjunct treatment for congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy.
Apo-Trandolapril is the ethyl ester prodrug of a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor, trandolaprilat. Apo-Trandolapril is deesterified in the liver to the diacid metabolite, trandolaprilat, which is approximately eight times more active as an inhibitor of ACE than its parent compound. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that is part of the RAAS. The RAAS is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating hemodynamics, water and electrolyte balance. During sympathetic stimulation or when renal blood pressure or blood flow is reduced, renin is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. In the blood stream, renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen to ATI, which is subsequently cleaved to ATII by ACE. ATII increases blood pressure via a number of mechanisms. First, it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone travels to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting tubule of nephrons where it increases sodium and water reabsorption by increasing the number of sodium channels and sodium-potassium ATPases on cell membranes. Second, ATII stimulates the secretion of vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH stimulates further water reabsorption from the kidneys via insertion of aquaporin-2 channels on the apical surface of cells of the DCT and collecting tubules. Third, ATII increases blood pressure through direct arterial vasoconstriction. Stimulation of the Type 1 ATII receptor on vascular smooth muscle cells leads to a cascade of events resulting in myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. In addition to these major effects, ATII induces the thirst response via stimulation of hypothalamic neurons. ACE inhibitors inhibit the rapid conversion of ATI to ATII and antagonize RAAS-induced increases in blood pressure. ACE (also known as kininase II) is also involved in the enzymatic deactivation of bradykinin, a vasodilator. Inhibiting the deactivation of bradykinin increases bradykinin levels and may further sustain the effects of trandolaprilat by causing increased vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. The blood pressure lowering effect of trandolaprilat is due to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, which is not accompanied by significant changes in urinary excretion of chloride or potassium or water or sodium retention.
| Trade Name | Apo-Trandolapril |
| Availability | Prescription only |
| Generic | Trandolapril |
| Trandolapril Other Names | Trandolapril, Trandolaprilum |
| Related Drugs | amlodipine, aspirin, lisinopril, metoprolol, losartan, furosemide, carvedilol, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, spironolactone |
| Type | |
| Formula | C24H34N2O5 |
| Weight | Average: 430.5372 Monoisotopic: 430.246772208 |
| Protein binding | Serum protein binding of trandolapril is ~ 80% (independent of concentration and not saturable) while that of trandolaprilat is 65 to 94% (concentration-dependent and saturable). |
| Groups | Approved |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | Australia |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Apo-Trandolapril is a prodrug of an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, and to improve survival following a myocardial infarction.
For the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF), to improve survival following myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals who are hemodynamically stable and demonstrate symptoms of left ventricular systolic dysfunction or signs of CHF within a few days following acute MI, and to slow progression of renal disease in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy.
Apo-Trandolapril is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Diabetic Nephropathy, Heart Failure, High Blood Pressure (Hypertension), Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
How Apo-Trandolapril works
There are two isoforms of ACE: the somatic isoform, which exists as a glycoprotein comprised of a single polypeptide chain of 1277; and the testicular isoform, which has a lower molecular mass and is thought to play a role in sperm maturation and binding of sperm to the oviduct epithelium. Somatic ACE has two functionally active domains, N and C, which arise from tandem gene duplication. Although the two domains have high sequence similarity, they play distinct physiological roles. The C-domain is predominantly involved in blood pressure regulation while the N-domain plays a role in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and proliferation. ACE inhibitors bind to and inhibit the activity of both domains, but have much greater affinity for and inhibitory activity against the C-domain. Apo-Trandolaprilat, the active metabolite of trandolapril, competes with ATI for binding to ACE and inhibits and enzymatic proteolysis of ATI to ATII. Decreasing ATII levels in the body decreases blood pressure by inhibiting the pressor effects of ATII as described in the Pharmacology section above. Apo-Trandolaprilat also causes an increase in plasma renin activity likely due to a loss of feedback inhibition mediated by ATII on the release of renin and/or stimulation of reflex mechanisms via baroreceptors.
Toxicity
Most likely clinical manifestations of overdose are symptoms of severe hypotension. Most common adverse effects include cough, headache and dizziness. The oral LD50 of trandolapril in mice was 4875 mg/kg in males and 3990 mg/kg in females. In rats, an oral dose of 5000 mg/kg caused low mortality (1 male out of 5; 0 females). In dogs, an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg did not cause mortality and abnormal clinical signs were not observed.
Food Interaction
- Avoid hypertensive herbs (e.g. bayberry, blue cohosh, cayenne, ephedra, and licorice).
- Avoid potassium-containing products. Potassium products increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
- Limit salt intake. Salt may attenuate the antihypertensive effect.
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
[Moderate] GENERALLY AVOID: Moderate-to-high dietary intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia in some patients who are using angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
In some cases, affected patients were using a potassium-rich salt substitute.
ACE inhibitors can promote hyperkalemia through inhibition of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin (RAA) system.
MANAGEMENT: It is recommended that patients who are taking ACE inhibitors be advised to avoid moderately high or high potassium dietary intake.
Particular attention should be paid to the potassium content of salt substitutes.
Apo-Trandolapril Drug Interaction
Moderate: aspirin, aspirin, sitagliptin, insulin glargine, pregabalin, budesonide / formoterolUnknown: ubiquinone, rosuvastatin, duloxetine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, atorvastatin, metoprolol, clopidogrel, montelukast, levothyroxine, acetaminophen, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, sertraline
Apo-Trandolapril Disease Interaction
Major: angioedema, bone marrow suppression, CHF, hemodialysis, hyperkalemia, hypotension, cirrhosisModerate: liver disease, renal dysfunction
Volume of Distribution
- 18 L
Elimination Route
~ 40-60% absorbed; extensive first pass metabolism results in a low bioavailability of 4-14%
Half Life
The elimination half lives of trandolapril and trandolaprilat are about 6 and 10 hours, respectively, but, similar to all ACE inhibitors, trandolaprilat also has a prolonged terminal elimination phase that involves a small fraction of administered drug. This likely represents drug binding to plasma and tissue ACE. The effective half life of elimination for trandolaprilat is 16-24 hours.
Clearance
- 52 L/h [After approximately 2 mg IV doses]
Elimination Route
After oral administration of trandolapril, about 33% of parent drug and metabolites are recovered in urine, mostly as trandolaprilat, with about 66% in feces.
Innovators Monograph
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