Aterina
Aterina Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Aterina is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) composed of dermatan sulfate (DS) and fast moving heparin (FMH).
Aterina is extensively absorbed owing to its low molecular weight compared to unfractionated heparin. It offers the potential advantages of a longer half-life and reduced global anticoagulation effects, properties which differ from other glycosaminoglycans. Aterina potentiates antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II due to the presence of both glycoaminoglycan fractions. It is capable of inhibiting both anti-IIa and anti-Xa. It promotes fibrinolytic activity by releasing tissue plasminogen activator and reduces plasminogen activator inhibitor. The drug also blocks platelet adhesion and platelet function induced by cathepsin G and thrombin. Research has also shown that Aterina had endothelial protective properties by inducing the overexpression of growth factors important for the protection of organs. It has anti-inflammatory properties via its effect on the release of inflammatory mediators from macrophages. This results in anti-proliferative effects such as the regulation of growth factors like VEGF and FGF.The intravenous administration has also been shown capable of releasing tissue factor pathway inhibitor from the endothelium, which also contributes to the anti-thrombotic effects of Aterina. Lastly, this drug is known for its ability to inhibit the secretion of MMPs, particularly MMP-9, from leukocytes in a dose dependent manner, resulting in the restoration of the balance with their tissue inhibitors.
| Trade Name | Aterina |
| Generic | Sulodexide |
| Sulodexide Other Names | Sulodexida, Sulodexide |
| Type | |
| Weight | 6500.0 Da (range 5000-8000) |
| Groups | Approved, Investigational |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | Spain |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Aterina is a drug used to treat chronic venous ulcers in the legs.
Aterina has been used clinically for the prophylaxis and treatment of vascular diseases with increased risk of thrombosis, including intermittent claudication, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and post-myocardial infarc-tion. Also investigated in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease and diabetic neuropathy. New anti-inflammatory properties have also extended its use in venous disease.
Aterina is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Venous Leg Ulcer (VLU), Chronic Venous Ulcers
How Aterina works
Thrombin inhibition produced by sulodexide is due to the additive effect of its components, namely, heparin cofactor II (HCII) catalysis by dermatan sulfate and antithrombin-III catalysis by fast moving heparin (FMH).
Toxicity
Aterina seems to be well tolerated. Most adverse effects reported are related to the GI system and seem to be transient in nature. Among others adverse reactions are diarrhea, epigastralgia, dyspepsia, heartburn and dizziness. Allergic reactions, such as skin rash, have also been reported but are very rare.
Food Interaction
- Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.
Volume of Distribution
Cmax=516+/-77.54ng/mL, Tmax=1.33+/-0.58h, Vd=71.24+/-14.06L (b phase). Aterina reaches high concentrations in the plasma and is widely distributed in the endothelial layer. Binding to endothelial cell receptors in arteries and veins contributes to its rapid distribution profile.
Elimination Route
Aterina can be administered via the oral route, IV and IM routes. After oral dosing, the absorption rate being equivalent, the bioavailability is 40-60%. either calculated from the fast-moving heparin fraction or from the dermatan fraction. Bioavailability following IM administration is approximately 90%. After a rapid absorption in the intestine, the dermatan and heparin components start to appear in the plasma. Aterina is degraded after ingestion and loses its sulfate groups and both sulfated and unsulfated groups circulate in the blood for up to 24hours. AUC=22.83+/-4.44mg.h/L.
Half Life
The elimination half-life was 11.7 +/- 2.0 h after intravenous administration, 18.7 +/- 4.1 h after 50 mg per os, and 25.8 +/- 1.9 h after 100 mg per os.
Clearance
2.70+/-0.58L/h
Elimination Route
Aterina is eliminated via the renal, fecal and bile routes. The main clearance occurs renally and accounts for elimination of 55+2.9% of the drug over 96 hours. The fecal and bile routes remove the rest of the drug over 48 hours, which accounts for 23.5+/-2.5% for both routes.
Innovators Monograph
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