Axirab A

Uses

Aceclofenac is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in both acute and chronic pain like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, dental pain, post-traumatic pain, low back pain, gynaecological pain etc.

Short-term treatment in healing and symptomatic relief of duodenal ulcers and erosive or ulcerative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

Maintaining healing and reducing relapse rates of heartburn symptoms in patients with GERD.

Treatment of daytime and night time heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD.

Long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger Ellison Syndrome.

In combination with Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin to eradicate Helicobacter pylori.

Axirab A is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Osteoarthritis (OA), Rheumatoid ArthritisDuodenal Ulcer, Gastric Ulcer, Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Heartburn, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, NSAID Associated Gastric Ulcers, Non-erosive Reflux Esophagitis Disease (NERD), Vomiting, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, Erosive reflux esophagitis

How Axirab A works

Through COX-2 inhibition, aceclofenac downregulates the production of various inflammatory mediators including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1β, and TNF from the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway. Inhibition of IL-6 is thought to be mediated by diclofenac converted from aceclofenac . Suppressed action of inflammatory cytokines decreases the production of reactive oxygen species. Aceclofenac is shown to decreased production of nitrous oxide in human articular chondrocytes . In addition, aceclofenac interferes with neutrophil adhesion to endothelium by decreasing the expression of L-selectin (CD62L), which is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on lymphocytes . Aceclofenac is proposed to stimulate the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan in human osteoarthritic cartilage which may be mediated through its inhibitory action on IL-1 production and activity . The chrondroprotective effects are generated by 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac which suppresses IL-1 mediated production of promatrix metalloproteinase-1 and metalloproteinase-3 and interferes with the release of proteoglycan from chrondrocytes .

Rabeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds (substituted benzimidazole proton-pump inhibitors) that do not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine H2-receptor antagonist properties, but suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the gastric H⁺/K⁺ATPase (hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase) at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, rabeprazole has been characterized as a gastric proton-pump inhibitor. Rabeprazole blocks the final step of gastric acid secretion. In gastric parietal cells, rabeprazole is protonated, accumulates, and is transformed to an active sulfenamide. When studied in vitro, rabeprazole is chemically activated at pH 1.2 with a half-life of 78 seconds.

Dosage

Axirab A dosage

Adults: The maximum recommended dose is 200 mg daily, taken as two separate 100 mg doses, one tablet in the morning and one in the evening.

Children: There is no clinical data on the use of aceclofenac in children.

Elderly: The pharmacokinetics of aceclofenac are not altered in elderly patients, therefore it is not considered necessary to modify the dose and dose frequency.

Renal insufficiency: There is no evidence that the dosage of aceclofenac needs to be modified in patients with mild renal impairment.

Hepatic insufficiency: The dose of aceclofenac should be reduced in patients with hepatic impairment. An initial daily dose of 100 mg should be administered.

Aceclofenac SR tablet:

The recommended dose is 200 mg once daily.

Healing of Erosive or Ulcerative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): 20 mg to be taken once daily for 4 to 8 weeks. For those patients who have not healed after 8 weeks of treatment, an additional 8 week course may be considered.

Maintenance of Healing of Erosive or Ulcerative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD Maintenance): The recommended adult oral dose is 20 mg once daily.

Treatment of Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):The recommended adult oral dose is 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. If symptoms do not resolve completely after 4 weeks, an additional course of treatment may be considered.

Healing of Duodenal Ulcers:The recommended adult oral dose is 20 mg once daily after the morning meal for a period up to four weeks. Most patients with duodenal ulcer heal within four weeks. A few patients may require additional therapy to achieve healing.

Helicobacter pylori Eradication:To Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence-

• Rabeprazole Sodium 20 mg Twice Daily for 7 Days
• Amoxicillin 1000 mg Twice Daily for 7 Days
• Clarithromycin 500 mg Twice Daily for 7 Days

All three medications should be taken twice daily with the morning and evening meals. It is important that patients comply with the full 7-day regimen.

Treatment of Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: The dosage of Rabeprazole Sodium in patients with pathologic hypersecretory conditions varies with the individual patient. The recommended adult oral starting dose is 60 mg once a day. Doses should be adjusted to individual patient needs and should continue for as long as clinically indicated. Some patients may require divided doses. Doses up to 100 mg QD and 60 mg BID have been administered. Some patients with Zollinger-Ellision syndrome have been treated continuously with Rabeprazole Sodium for up to one year.

Side Effects

Generally aceclofenac is well tolerated. The majority of side effects observed have been reversible and of a minor nature and include gastrointestinal disorders (dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea) and occasional occurance of dizziness. Dermatological side effects including pruritus and rash. Abnormal hepatic enzyme levels and raised serum creatinine have occasionally been reported.

Rabeprazole Sodium may sometimes cause headache, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, increased or decreased appetite, muscle pain, drowsiness and dizziness.

Toxicity

Some common adverse effects include gastro-intestinal disorders (dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea), rash, ruber, urticaria, symptoms of enuresis, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness . Oral LD50 value in rats is 130 mg/kg .

Precaution

Aceclofenac should be administered with caution to patients with symptoms indicative of gastrointestinal disorders, with a history of peptic ulceration, ulcerative colitis, Crohn\'s disease, hepatic porphyria, and coagulation disorders. Patients suffering from severe hepatic impairment must be monitored.

Administration of Rabeprazole Sodium to patients with mild to moderate liver impairment resulted in increased exposure and decreased elimination. Caution should be exercised in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Interaction

Lithium and Digoxin: Aceclofenac, like many NSAIDs may increase plasma concentrations of lithium and Digoxin.

Diuretics: Aceclofenac, like other NSAIDs, may interact the activity of diuretics.

Anticoagulants: Like other NSAIDs, Aceclofenac may enhance the activity of anticoagulant. Close monitoring of patients on combined anticoagulants and Aceclofenac therapy should be undertaken.

Methotrexate: Caution should be exercised if NSAIDs and Methotrexate are administered within 24 hours of each other, since NSAIDs may increase Methotrexate plasma levels, resulting in increased toxicity.

Rabeprazole is metabolized by the Cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) drug metabolizing enzyme system. Rabeprazole does not have clinically significant interactions with other drugs metabolized by the CYP-450 system,such as Warfarin and Theophylline given as single oral dose, Diazepam as a single intravenous dose, and Phenytoin given as a single intravenous dose. In normal subjects, co-administration of Rabeprazole 20 mg QD resulted in an approximately 30% decrease in the bioavailability of Ketoconazole and increase in the AUC and Cmax for digoxin of 90% and 29% respectively.

Volume of Distribution

The volume of distribution is approximately 25 L .

Elimination Route

Aceclofenac is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulates mainly as unchanged drug following oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are reached around 1.25 to 3 hours post-ingestion, and the drug penetrates into the synovial fluid where the concentration may reach up to 60% of that in the plasma . There is no accumulation in regular dosing, with similar maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax) after single and multiple doses .

Absolute bioavailability is approximately 52%.

Half Life

The mean plasma elimination half-life is approximately 4 hours .

1-2 hours (in plasma)

Clearance

The mean clearance rate is approximately 5 L/h .

Elimination Route

The main route of elimination is via the urine where the elimination accounts for 70-80% of clearance of the drug . Approximately two thirds of the administered dose is excreted via the urine, mainly as glucuronidated and hydroxylated forms of aceclofenac . About 20% of the dose is excreted into feces .

Following a single 20 mg oral dose of 14C-labeled rabeprazole, approximately 90% of the drug was eliminated in the urine, primarily as thioether carboxylic acid; its glucuronide, and mercapturic acid metabolites.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy: There is no information on the use of aceclofenac during pregnancy. Aceclofenac should not be administered during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dose should be administered.

Lactation: There is no information on the secretion of aceclofenac in breast milk. The use of aceclofenac should therefore be avoided during lactation unless the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the possible risks to the children.

Rabeprazole is FDA Pregnancy Category B. No data is available on administration of Rabeprazole to pregnant women. However this drug should be used during pregnancy, only if clearly needed. There are no data on the excretion of Rabeprazole into the breast milk. A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the benefit of the drug to the mother.

Contraindication

Aceclofenac should not be administered to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding. It should not be given to patients with moderate to severe renal impairment. Close medical surveillance is also imperative in patients suffering from severe impairment of hepatic function. It should not be prescribed during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dosage should be used. Aceclofenac should not be administered to patients previously sensitive to Aceclofenac or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma, acute rhinitis or urticaria or who are hypersensitive to these drugs.

Rabeprazole Sodium is contraindicated in patient with known hypersensitivity to Rabeprazole or to any component in the product.

Special Warning

Use in pediatric patients: The safety and effectiveness of Rabeprazole in pediatric patients have not been established.

Acute Overdose

There is no human data available on the consequences of aceclofenac overdosage. After overdosage, following therapeutic measures to be taken: absorption should be prevented as soon as possible by means of gastric lavage and treatment with activated charcoal. Supportive and symptomatic treatment should be given for complications.

There has been no experience with large overdoses with Rabeprazole. No specific antidote for Rabeprazole is known. Rabeprazole is extensively protein bound and is not readily dialyzable. In the event of overdosage, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.

Storage Condition

Keep at a cool and dry place, protected from light and moisture.

Store below 25°C, protected from light and moisture. Keep all medicines out of the reach of the children.

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