Beenie Balm

Uses

Camphor is a compound used topically to help relieve pain and also as a topical antiseptic. May also be used in vaporizers to help suppress coughing. This medication should not be swallowed.

Eucalyptus oil is an ingredient used in a variety of natural health products.

As an active agent, eucalyptus oil has been indicated for relief of the symptoms of catarrhal colds, and/or the relief of the symptoms of minor muscular sprains and cramps .

Methyl salicylate is a topical counter-irritant used for the symptomatic relief of acute musculoskeletal pain in the muscles, joints, and tendons.

Ointments or liniments containing methyl salicylate are applied topically as counter irritant for relief of acute pain associated with lumbago,sciatica and rheumatic conditions. Local analgesics for human and veterinary medicine.

Titanium dioxide is a sunscreen agent found in sunscreens that absorbs UV rays.

Titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide.

Beenie Balm is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Arthritis, Backache, Common Cold, Contusions, Inflammatory Reaction caused by Insect Bites, Joint Pain, Muscle Cramps, Nasal Congestion, Pain caused by Insect Bites, Rash, Skin Irritation, Soreness, Muscle, Sunburn, Swelling caused by Insect Bites, Minor burns, Neck or back pain, Shoulder acheCough, Infection, Itching caused by Insect Bites, Nasal Congestion, Rash caused by Insect Bites, Soreness, Muscle, Infection in minor cuts, scrapes, or burns, Itching skin, Minor aches and pains, Topical AntisepsisAcute Muscle Pain, Arthritis, Back Pain Lower Back, Backache, Contusions, Joint Pain, Ligament pain, Muscle Inflammation, Muscle Injuries, Muscle Strain, Muscle swelling, Pain, Pain of the Bone and Bones, Pain, Nerve, Partial-Onset Seizures, Postherpetic Neuralgia, Soreness, Muscle, Sprains, Tendon pain, Minor aches, Muscle, joint painsBlisters, Dermatitis, Eczematous, Sunburn, Wounds, Abrasions, Dry, cracked skin, UV protection therapy

How Beenie Balm works

The general consensus is that the exact mechanism of action of eucalyptus oil is largely unknown at this time but comprises various hypotheses from various studies.

Cineol containing preparations of eucalyptus oil may contain up to 80% (or more) 1,8-cineole and is one of the most common types of eucalyptus oil formulations used. As an active agent indicated for relieving certain cold symptoms and/or certain muscular sprains and cramps, it is believed that eucalyptus oil may possess some antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Some in vitro studies of human blood monocytes suggest a dose-dependent effect of eucalyptus oil to elicit significant inhibition of multiple cytokines, perhaps in the treatment of airway inflammation . Moreover, other studies in animal models discuss the possibility of eucalyptus oil demonstrating anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects that potentially account for inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and cytokines by stimulated monocytes in vitro .

Furthermore, additional studies have observed eucalyptus oil anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2) in cell cultures as well as the demonstration of broad antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus medicinal plant extracts against Alicyclobacillus acidoterretris, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, MRSA, Propionibacterium acnes, S. aureus, fungus including C. albicans isolates, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and other Gram-positive bacteria. Specific activity against periodontopathic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus has also been observed .

Counter-irritation is thought to be effective at alleviating musculoskeletal pain as the irritation of the sensory nerve endings is thought to alter or offset pain in the underlying muscle or joints that are served by the same nerves . This is thought to mask the underlying musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. When applied topically, methyl salicylate is thought to penetrate the skin and underlying tissues where it reversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme and locally and peripherally prevents the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin and thromboxane A2.

Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent.

Toxicity

Overdose with eucalyptus oil may result in epigastric burning, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, muscular weakness, mitosis, tachycardia, a sensation of suffocation, cyanosis, ataxia, pulmonary damage, delirium, convulsions, CNS depression, coma. Deaths have been recorded from doses as low as 3.5 ml.

The given oral LD50 for rats is 2480 mg/kg

Oral LD50 values (mg/kg) for mouse, rat and rabbit are 1110, 887 and 1300, respectively. Oral LD50 values for child and adult human (mg/kg) are 228 and 506, respectively. Although systemic toxicity from topical administration is rare, methyl salicylate can be absorbed in intract skin to cause stimulation of the central nervous system respiratory center, disturbance of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and disturbance of intracellular respiration. Severe toxicity can result in acute lung injury, lethargy, coma, seizures, cerebral edema, and death. In case of salicylate poisoning, the treatment consists of general supportive care, gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal in cases of salicylate ingestion, and monitoring of serum salicylate concentrations. Bicarbonate infusions or hemodialysis can be used to achieve enhanced salicylate elimination .

Rat - LD50 Intratracheal (>100ug/kg ) Effects: Structural or functional changes in bronchi and trachea. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide. Cancer in experimental animals: There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide. Overall evaluation: Titanium dioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Volume of Distribution

Studies have determined a large terminal volume of distribution for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of 27 l/kg in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) .

After absorption, methyl salicylate is distributed throughout most body tissues and most transcellular fluids, primarily by pH dependent passive processes. Salicylate is actively transported by a low-capacity, saturable system out of the CSF across the choroid plexus. The drug readily crosses the placental barrier.

Six hours after titanium dioxide was administered to rats through IV injection at 250 mg/kg body weight, the highest concentration appeared in the liver; after 24 hours, the highest concentration was detected in the celiac lymph nodes, which filter the lymph from the liver.

Elimination Route

Common monoterpenoid compound preparations of eucalyptus oil have been observed to be readily absorbed after dermal application, likely due to their lipophilic character . Although maximal plasma levels were demonstrated in as short a time period as 10 minutes even with thicker preparations like eucalyptus oil ointments, like many other topically applied agents, the extent of absorption is also likely largely dependent upon additional factors like the size of treated skin area, patient skin condition(s), concentrations of the applied substance, and time of exposure to the substance .

Currently, more data regarding the oral absorption of eucalyptus would be useful, given the relative lack of existing information . Lipophilic monoterpene compound formulations of eucalyptus oil seems to be readily absorbed orally . Regardless, there is some data that suggests that the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract has no particularly significant role in the absorption of cineole based eucalyptus oil .

Pulmonary absorption of eucalyptus oil is also possible although little information exists regarding this element at the moment. Nevertheless, 1,8-cineol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) appears to be well absorbed via inhalation with peak plasma levels observed reportedly at 18 minutes .

Given the three main constituents from Eucalyptus globulus Labill fruits, the intestinal absorption of macrocarpal A (M-A), macrocarpal B (M-B), and cypellocarpa C (Cy-C) is predominantly via passive diffusion while Cy-C demonstrates some partly ATP-dependent absorption .

Approximately 12-20% of topically applied methyl salicylate may be systemically absorbed through intact skin within 10 hours of application, and absorption varies with different conditions such as surface area and pH. Dermal bioavailability is in the range of 11.8 – 30.7%. For the assessment of potential oral exposure to salicylates, bioavailability is assumed to be 100% .

When male and female rats were fed a diet containing titanium dioxide (100 g/kg) for a period of about 32 days, a significant retention of titanium of 0.06 and 0.11 mg/kg wet weight was found only in the muscles; no retention was observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, bone, plasma, or erythrocytes

Half Life

Studies have determined a terminal half-life for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of approximately 7h in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) .

The plasma half-life for salicylate is 2 to 3 hr in low doses and about 12 hr at usual anti-inflammatory doses. The half-life of salicylate may be as long as 15 to 30 hr at high therapeutic doses or when there is intoxication.

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days...The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

Clearance

Studies have determined a high clearance rate for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) of 43 ml/min/kg in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) .

The clearance of titanium dioxide from the lungs was studied in rats after inhalation of 15 or 100 mg/cu m. The average median aerodynamic diameter of the titanium dioxide particles was 1.48 um. After a single exposure, about 40-45% of the deposited particles were cleared from the lung in 25 days. At 15 mg/cu m, 0.7% was found in the hilar lymph nodes indicating penetration of titanium dioxide particles from alveoli into the lymphatic system and partial clearance by the lymphatic route. The clearance rate was similar after intra-tracheal administration of titanium dioxide. At an exposure of 100 mg/cu m, the clearance rate decreased drastically. /Other researchers/ demonstrated the presence of titanium dioxide in the lymphatic systems of 3 workers employed in processing titanium dioxide pigments.

Elimination Route

Studies suggest the route of elimination for cineole or eucalyptol (which makes up to as much as 90% of most commonly used cineole-based eucalyptus oils) in brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), rats, and rabbit subjects as being in the urine .

Excreted by kidneys as free salicylic acid (10%), salicyluric acid (75%), salicylic phenolic (10%) and acyl glucuronide (5%), and gentisic acid (less than 1%).

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days.The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

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