Bronopolum
Bronopolum Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Bronopolum, or 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, is an organic compound with wide-spectrum antimicrobial properties. First synthesized in 1897, bronopol was primarily used as a preservative for pharmaceuticals and was registered in the United States in 1984 for use in industrial bactericides, slimicides and preservatives . Bronopolum is used as a microbicide or microbiostat in various commercial and industrial applications, including oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning or humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer products . Compared to other aliphatic halogen-nitro compounds, bronopol is more stable to hydrolysis in aqueous media under normal conditions . The inhibitory activity against various bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was demonstrated in vitro . The agent is largely available commercially as an antibacterial for a variety of industrial purposes while it is predominantly available for purchase as a pet animal litter antibacterial at the domestic consumer level . Nevertheless, ongoing contemporary re-evaluations of bronopol use in large markets such as Canada now place various compositional and product restrictions on the use of the agent in cosmetic products [L873] and in other products where it may not primarily be used in the role of a non-medicinal preservative antimicrobial [L874].
At concentrations of 12.5 to 50 μg/mL, bronopol mediated an inhibitory activity against various strains of Gram negative and positive bacteria in vitro . The bactericidal activity is reported to be greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive cocci . Bronopolum was also demonstrated to be effective against various fungal species, but the inhibitory action is reported to be minimal compared to that of against bacterial species . The inhibitory activity of bronopol decreases with increasing pH of the media . Bronopolum also elicits an anti-protozoal activity, as demonstrated with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro and in vivo . It is proposed that bronopol affects the survival of all free-living stages of I. multifiliis .
| Trade Name | Bronopolum |
| Generic | Bronopol |
| Bronopol Other Names | Bronopol, Bronopolu, Bronopolum |
| Type | |
| Formula | C3H6BrNO4 |
| Weight | Average: 199.988 Monoisotopic: 198.948020332 |
| Protein binding | No data available. |
| Groups | Approved |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Bronopolum is an antimicrobial compound used as a biocide and preservative.
Bronopolum as an active ingredient is registered as a commercial biocide and preservative in many industrial processes. Registered biocidal uses include pulp and paper mills, water cooling towers, waste water treatment, evaporative condensers, heat exchangers, food pasteurizing plants, metalworking fluids, and oilfield applications . In addition, preservative uses include household products (e.g., dishwashing liquids, laundry products), latex emulsions, polymer lattices, pigments, leather and milk samples for analysis . Bronopolum is also formulated into granular domestic end-use products in the form of cat litter .
Bronopolum is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Bacterial Infections
How Bronopolum works
It is proposed that bronopol generates biocide-induced bacteriostasis followed by a growth at an inhibited rate in bacteria, via two distinct reactions between bronopol and essential thiols within the bacterial cell . Under aerobic conditions, bronopol catalyzes the oxidation of thiol groups, such as cysteine, to disulfides. This reaction is accompanied by rapid consumption of oxygen, where oxygen acts as the final oxidant. During the conversion of cysteine to cystine, radical anion intermediates such as superoxide and peroxide are formed from bronopol to exert a direct bactericidal activity. The oxidation of excess thiols alters the redox state to create anoxic conditions, leading to a second reaction involving the oxidation of intracellular thiols such as glutathione to its disulfide. The resulting effects are inhibition of enzyme function, and reduced growth rate following the bacteriostatic period . Under the anoxic conditions, the reaction between thiol and bronopol decelerates without the involvement of oxygen and the consumption of bronopol predominates. Bronopolum is ultimately removed from the reaction via consumption and resumption of bacterial growth occurs .
Toxicity
Oral LD50, dermal LD50, and inhalation LD50 in rat are 180 mg/kg , 64-160 mg/kg , and > 5000 mg/m^3 , respectively. In a 90-day dermal toxicity study in rabbits, the NOEL for systemic toxicity was 2 mg/kg/day . In a rat 90-day oral toxicity study, bronopol was associated with a severe gastrointestinal irritation . A chronic feeding or carcinogenicity study with rats resulted in high mortality, stomach lesions, and severe reduction in body weight gain. A reduction in weight gain was also observed in a chronic dermal or carcinogenicity study of mice . Bronopolum was not mutagenic in four mutagenicity studies .
Food Interaction
No interactions found.Volume of Distribution
The highest concentrations of bronopol were detected in the excretory organs of rat such as kidney, liver, and lung . The lowest concentration was in the fat .
Elimination Route
Bronopolum was rapidly absorbed in animal studies. It may be absorbed via aerosol inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion . In rats, approximately 40% of the topically applied dose of bronopol was absorbed through the skin within 24 hr . Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg in rats, the peak plasma concentrations of bronopol were reached up to 2 hours post-dosing .
Half Life
The half-life of bronopol in the biological systems is not reported in the literature. The half-life value reported for bronopol reflects the environment fate of the compound. When released into the air as vapours, bronopol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals where the half life for this reaction is approximately 11 days . The photolysis half-life is 24 hours in water but may be up to 2 days under natural sunlight .
Clearance
No data available.
Elimination Route
Metabolism studies indicate that bronopol is primarily excreted in the urine . In rats, about 19% of dermally-applied bronopol was excreted in the urine, feces and expired air . Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg radiolabelled bronopol in rats, approximately 81% and 6% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and expired air, respectively, within a period of 24 hours . Following intravenous administration in rat, the recoveries in the urine and expired air were 74% and 9% of the dose, respectively .
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