Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Cannabidiol, or CBD, is one of at least 85 active cannabinoids identified within the Cannabis plant. It is a major phytocannabinoid, accounting for up to 40% of the Cannabis plant's extract, that binds to a wide variety of physiological targets of the endocannabinoid system within the body. Although the exact medical implications are currently being investigated, CBD has shown promise as a therapeutic and pharmaceutical drug target. In particular, CBD has shown promise as an analgesic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, antipsychotic and has shown neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, among other currently investigated uses . CBD's exact place within medical practice is still currently hotly debated, however as the body of evidence grows and legislation changes to reflect its wide-spread use, public and medical opinion have changed significantly with regards to its usefulness in a number of medical conditions ranging from anxiety to epilepsy.
From a pharmacological perspective, Cannabis' (and CBD's) diverse receptor profile explains its potential application for such a wide variety of medical conditions. Cannabis contains more than 400 different chemical compounds, of which 61 are considered cannabinoids, a class of compounds that act upon endogenous cannabinoid receptors of the body . Cannabinoid receptors are utilized endogenously by the body through the endocannabinoid system, which includes a group of lipid proteins, enzymes, and receptors that are involved in many physiological processes. Through its modulation of neurotransmitter release, the endocannabinoid system regulates cognition, pain sensation, appetite, memory, sleep, immune function, and mood among many other bodily systems. These effects are largely mediated through two members of the G-protein coupled receptor family, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). CB1 receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the majority of receptors localized to the hippocampus and amygdala of the brain. Physiological effects of using cannabis make sense in the context of its receptor activity as the hippocampus and amygdala are primarily involved with regulation of memory, fear, and emotion. In contrast, CB2 receptors are mainly found peripherally in immune cells, lymphoid tissue, and peripheral nerve terminals .
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are two types of cannabinoids found naturally in the resin of the marijuana plant, both of which interact with the cannabinoid receptors that are found throughout the body. Although THC and CBD have been the most studied cannabinoids, there are many others identified to date including cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidivarin (CBDV), and Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) that can be found within the medical cannabis . While both CBD and THC are used for medicinal purposes, they have different receptor activity, function, and physiological effects. If not provided in their activated form (such as through synthetic forms of THC like Dronabinol or Nabilone), THC and CBD are obtained through conversion from their precursors, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), through decarboxylation reactions. This can be achieved through heating, smoking, vaporization, or baking of dried unfertilized female cannabis flowers.
| Trade Name | Cannabidiol |
| Availability | Prescription only |
| Generic | Cannabidiol |
| Cannabidiol Other Names | Cannabidiol |
| Related Drugs | topiramate, Topamax, clobazam, Epidiolex, everolimus, sirolimus topical, Afinitor, Trokendi XR, felbamate, Fintepla |
| Weight | 100mg/ml |
| Type | Oral liquid |
| Formula | C21H30O2 |
| Weight | Average: 314.469 Monoisotopic: 314.224580206 |
| Groups | Approved, Investigational |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | United States |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Cannabidiol is an active cannabinoid used as an adjunctive treatment for the management of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome and symptomatic relief of moderate to severe neuropathic pain or other painful conditions, like cancer.
When used in combination with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as the product Sativex, cannabidiol was given a standard marketing authorization (ie. a Notice of Compliance (NOC)) by Health Canada for the following indications: 1) as adjunctive treatment for symptomatic relief of spasticity in adult patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who have not responded adequately to other therapy and who demonstrate meaningful improvement during an initial trial of therapy ;
Due to the need for confirmatory studies to verify the clinical benefit coupled with the promising nature of the clinical evidence, Sativex was also given a Notice of Compliance with Conditions (NOC/c) by Health Canada for the following indications: 1) as adjunctive treatment for the symptomatic relief of neuropathic pain in adult patients with multiple sclerosis; 2) as adjunctive analgesic treatment in adult patients with advanced cancer who experience moderate to severe pain during the highest tolerated dose of strong opioid therapy for persistent background pain .
Cannabidiol is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Disseminated Sclerosis, Severe Pain, Moderate Pain
How Cannabidiol works
The exact mechanism of action of CBD and THC is not currently fully understood. However, it is known that CBD acts on cannabinoid (CB) receptors of the endocannabinoid system, which are found in numerous areas of the body, including the peripheral and central nervous systems, including the brain. The endocannabinoid system regulates many physiological responses of the body including pain, memory, appetite, and mood. More specifically, CB1 receptors can be found within the pain pathways of the brain and spinal cord where they may affect CBD-induced analgesia and anxiolysis, and CB2 receptors have an effect on immune cells, where they may affect CBD-induced anti-inflammatory processes.
CBD has been shown to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, the most abundant G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) in the body . Allosteric regulation of a receptor is achieved through the modulation of the activity of a receptor on a functionally distinct site from the agonist or antagonist binding site. The negative allosteric modulatory effects of CBD are therapeutically important as direct agonists are limited by their psychomimetic effects while direct antagonists are limited by their depressant effects .
Food Interaction
- Avoid excessive or chronic alcohol consumption. Ingesting alcohol may increase the risk of sedation.
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit inhibits the CYP3A metabolism of cannabidiol, which may increase its serum concentration. Cannabidiol dose reduction may be necessary if used together.
- Avoid St. John's Wort. This herb induces the CYP3A metabolism of cannabidiol and may reduce its serum concentration. The dose of cannabidiol may need to be increased if used together.
- Take with food. Taking cannabidiol with food (particularly high-fat food) increases its bioavailability. The absorption of cannabidiol is more consistent when meal macronutrients remain the same.
[Moderate] ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: Food may affect the plasma concentrations of cannabidiol.
In healthy volunteers, administration of cannabidiol with a high-fat
GENERALLY AVOID: Grapefruit juice may increase the plasma concentrations of cannabidiol.
The proposed mechanism is inhibition of CYP450 3A4-mediated metabolism of cannabidiol by certain compounds present in grapefruit.
The interaction has not been studied, but the product labeling for cannabidiol recommends consideration of a dosage reduction when used with strong or moderate inhibitors of CYP450 3A4.
In general, the effect of grapefruit juice is concentration-, dose- and preparation-dependent, and can vary widely among brands.
Certain preparations of grapefruit juice (e.g., high dose, double strength) have sometimes demonstrated potent inhibition of CYP450 3A4, while other preparations (e.g., low dose, single strength) have typically demonstrated moderate inhibition.
MANAGEMENT: Cannabidiol should be taken about the same time each day consistently either with or without food.
Patients should limit the consumption of grapefruit and grapefruit juice.
If they are coadministered, cannabidiol levels should be monitored and the dosage adjusted as necessary.
Cannabidiol Alcohol interaction
[Moderate] GENERALLY AVOID:
Alcohol may potentiate some of the pharmacologic effects of central nervous system (CNS)-active agents.
Use in combination may result in additive CNS depression and/or impairment of judgment, thinking, and psychomotor skills.
Patients receiving CNS-active agents should be advised to avoid or limit consumption of alcohol.
Ambulatory patients should be counseled against driving, operating machinery, or engaging in potentially hazardous activities requiring mental alertness and motor coordination until they know how these agents affect them, and to notify their physician if they experience excessive or prolonged CNS effects that interfere with their normal activities.
Cannabidiol Drug Interaction
Moderate: contained in alcoholic beverages , naproxen, diphenhydramine, duloxetine, pregabalin, acetaminophen, alprazolam, sertraline, cetirizineUnknown: loratadine, ubiquinone, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fluticasone nasal, metoprolol, bifidobacterium infantis / lactobacillus acidophilus, montelukast, levothyroxine, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol
Cannabidiol Disease Interaction
Volume of Distribution
Cannabinoids are distributed throughout the body; they are highly lipid soluble and accumulate in fatty tissue. The release of cannabinoids from fatty tissue is responsible for the prolonged terminal elimination half-life.
Elimination Route
Following a single buccal administration, maximum plasma concentrations of both CBD and THC typically occur within two to four hours. When administered buccally, blood levels of THC and other cannabinoids are lower compared with inhalation of smoked cannabis. The resultant concentrations in the blood are lower than those obtained by inhaling the same dose because absorption is slower, redistribution into fatty tissues is rapid and additionally some of the THC undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism to 11-OH-THC, a psycho-active metabolite.
The CBD component of sublingual Sativex was found to have a Tmax of 1.63hr and a Cmax of 2.50ng/mL, while buccal Sativex was found to have a Tmax of 2.80hr and a Cmax of 3.02ng/mL.
Half Life
The CBD component of sublingual Sativex was found to have a half life (t1/2) of 1.44hr, while buccal Sativex was found to have a half life (t1/2) of 1.81hr.
Elimination Route
Elimination from plasma is bi-exponential with an initial half-life of one to two hours. The terminal elimination half-lives are of the order of 24 to 36 hours or longer. Sativex is excreted in the urine and faeces.
Innovators Monograph
You find simplified version here Cannabidiol
