Ciproxin HC

Uses

This is used for Steroid responsive inflammatory ocular conditions, Otitis media, Otitis externa, Ocular inflammation associated with infection, Post-operative inflammation of ear and eye, Corneal Ulcers, Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Ciproxin HC is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Otitis Externa, Acute Otitis Externa caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Acute Otitis Media, Acute Sinusitis, Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis, Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by Moraxella catarrhalis, Bone and Joint Infections, Chronic Otitis Media, Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections, Complicated Urinary Tract Infection, Conjunctivitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Conjunctivitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corneal Ulcers caused by Serratia marcescens, Corneal Ulcers caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Corneal Ulcers caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corneal Ulcers caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Corneal Ulcers caused by Streptococcus Viridans Group, Corneal Ulcers caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia urinary tract infection, External ear infection NOS, Febrile Neutropenia, Infection of the outer ear caused by susceptible bacteria, Infectious diarrhea, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Enterobacter cloacae, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by Proteus mirabilis, Lower respiratory tract infection caused by penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, Nosocomial Pneumonia, Otitis Media (OM), Otitis Media, Purulent, Plague caused by Yersinia pestis, Skin Infections, Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, UTI caused by Citrobacter diversus, UTI caused by Citrobacter frendii, UTI caused by Entercococcus faecalis, UTI caused by Enterobacter cloacae, UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, UTI caused by Morganella morganii, UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, UTI caused by Providencia rettgeri, UTI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, UTI caused by Serratia marcescens, UTI caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis, Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections, Acute otitis externa caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Acute, uncomplicated Cystitis caused by Escherichia coli, Acute, uncomplicated Cystitis caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Chronic Prostatitis caused by Escherichia coli, Chronic Prostatitis caused by Proteus mirabilis, Complicated Pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli, Complicated Urinary Tract Infection caused by Escherichia Coli, Inhaled anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis, Uncomplicated Gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeaeAcute, Inflammatory Superficial Cutaneous Lesions caused by susceptible bacteria, Adrenal cortical hypofunctions, Anal Fissures, Anal inflammation, Androgenital syndrome, Conjunctivitis, Conjunctivitis allergic, Corneal Inflammation, Dermatitis infected, Diaper Dermatitis, Eczema infected, Episcleritis, Hemorrhoids, Iridocyclitis, Iritis, Ocular Inflammation, Ocular Irritation, Postoperative pain, Proctitis, Pruritus, Pruritus Ani, Radiation Induced Proctitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scleritis, Skin Infections, Skin Irritation, Superficial ocular bacterial infections caused by susceptible bacteria, Thyroiditis, Ulcerative Colitis, Anal eczema, Bacterial blepharitis, Corneal clouding, Corticosteroid responsive Dermatosis of the anal region, Corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, Cryptitis, Localized uninfected hemorrhoids, Mild Anal Fissures, Pruritus associated with bowel movements, Skin and skin-structure infections caused by susceptible bacteria, Postoperative Eye Care

How Ciproxin HC works

Ciprofloxacin acts on bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV. Ciprofloxacin's targeting of the alpha subunits of DNA gyrase prevents it from supercoiling the bacterial DNA which prevents DNA replication.

Hydrocortisone binds to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes. The DNA bound receptor then interacts with basic transcription factors, causing the increase in expression of specific target genes. The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Specifically glucocorticoids induce lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis, which then binds to cell membranes preventing the phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid. This leads to diminished eicosanoid production. The cyclooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2) expression is also suppressed, potentiating the effect. In other words, the two main products in inflammation Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are inhibited by the action of Glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids also stimulate the lipocortin-1 escaping to the extracellular space, where it binds to the leukocyte membrane receptors and inhibits various inflammatory events: epithelial adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and the release of various inflammatory mediators (lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, tissue plasminogen activator, chemokines etc.) from neutrophils, macrophages and mastocytes. Additionally the immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding.

Dosage

Ciproxin HC dosage

Eye:Corneal Ulcers: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of corneal ulcer is two drops into the affected eye every 15 minutes for the first six hours and then two drops into the affected eye every 30 minutes for the remainder of the first day. On the second day, instill two drops in the affected eye hourly. On the third through the fourteenth day, place two drops in the affected eye every four hours. Treatment may be continued after 14 days if corneal re-epithelialization has not occurred.

Eye:Bacterial Conjunctivitis: The recommended dosage regimen for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis is one or two drops instilled into the conjunctival sac(s) every two hours while awake for two days and one or two drops every four hours while awake for the next five days.

Ear:Four drops instilled into the affected ear twice daily for seven days. The suspension should be warmed by holding the bottle in the hand for one or two minutes to avoid dizziness, which may result from the instillation of a cold suspension. The patient should lie with the affected ear upward, and then the suspension should be instilled. This position should be maintained for 60 seconds. Repeat, if necessary, for the opposite ear.

Information for patients: Should be swallowed whole with an adequate amount of liquid, it may be taken with or without meals. The preferred time of dosing is two hours after a meal and patients should not take antacid within two hours of dosing.

Directions for use of granules for suspension

Whole contents of the packet should be taken into a small glass containing 2-3 teaspoonful of water. Other liquids or foods should not be used. The mixer should be stirred well and drink immediately. The glass should be refilled with water and drink.

Direction for reconstitution of suspension (60 ml)

Shake the bottle well to loosen the granules. Add 50 ml (with the help of supplied measuring cup) of boiled cool water to the dry granules in the bottle. Shake the bottle vigorously until all the granules is in suspension.

Side Effects

The most frequently reported drug-related adverse reactions seen with Ciprofloxacin are transient ocular burning or discomfort. Other reported reactions include stinging, redness, itching, periocular/facial edema, foreign body sensation, photophobia, blurred vision, tearing, dryness and eye pain. Rare reports of dizziness have been received.

The reactions due to the steroid component are elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) with possible development of glaucoma and infrequent optic nerve damage, posterior sub-capsular cataract formation and delayed wound healing.

Toxicity

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, crystalluria, nephrotoxicity, and oliguria. Ciprofloxacin overdose typically leads to acute renal failure. An overdose may progress over the next 6 days with rising serum creatinine and BUN, as well as anuria. Patients may require prednisone therapy, urgent hemodialysis, or supportive therapy. Depending on the degree of overdose, patients may recover normal kidney function or progress to chronic kidney failure.

The oral LD50 in rats is >2000mg/kg.

Ciprofloxacin for intratympanic injection or otic use has low systemic absorption and so it unlikely to be a risk in pregnancy or lactation. There is generally no harm to the fetus in animal studies, however high doses may lead to gastrointestinal disturbances in the mother which may increase the incidence of abortion. In human studies there was no increase in fetal malformations above background rates. The risk and benefit of ciprofloxacin should be weighed in pregnancy and breast feeding.

2/8 in vitro tests and 0/3 in vivo tests of mutagenicity of ciprofloxacin have yielded a positive result.

Oral doses of 200 and 300 times the maximum recommended clinical dose in rats and mice have shown no carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity.

Oral doses above the maximum recommended clinical dose have shown no effects on fertility in rats.

Side effects include inhibition of bone formation, suppression of calcium absorption and delayed wound healing

Precaution

Prolonged use may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi; in ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma, with damage to the optic nerve, defects in visual acuity and fields of vision and posterior sub capsular cataract formation. Patients wearing contact lenses must not use the drops during the time the lenses are worn.

Interaction

May increase plasma concentrations of CYP1A2 substrates (e.g. clozapine, ropinirole, theophylline). Enhances effect of oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin) and glibenclamide. Increased toxicity of methotrexate. Plasma concentrations may be increased by probenecid. Reduced absorption with oral multivitamins and mineral supplements containing divalent or trivalent cations (e.g. Fe, Zn, Ca) and antacids containing Al, Ca or Mg. Concomitant use with class IA antiarrhythmics (e.g. quinidine, procainamide), class III antiarrhythmics (e.g. amiodarone, sotalol), TCAs, macrolides and antipsychotics may result in additive effects on QT interval prolongation. Concurrent use with corticosteroids may increase risk of severe tendon disorders. Increased risk of CNS stimulation with NSAIDs. Altered serum concentrations of phenytoin.

Potentially Fatal: Marked elevation in serum levels of tizanidine which is associated with potentiated hypotensive and sedative effect.

Thiazides may enhance hyperglycaemia and hypokalaemia caused by corticosteroids. Increased incidence of peptic ulcer or Gl bleeding with concurrent NSAIDs admin. Response to anticoagulants altered. Dose of antidiabetics and antihypertensives needs to be increased. Decreases serum cone of salicylates and antimuscarinic agents. Ethanol may enhance gastric mucosal irritation. Reduced efficacy with concurrent use of carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, barbiturates and rifampicin. Mutual inhibition of metabolism between ciclosporin and corticosteroids increase plasma cone of both drugs. Enhanced effect in women taking oestrogens or oral contraceptives.

Volume of Distribution

Cirpofloxacin follws a 3 compartment distribution model with a central compartment volume of 0.161L/kg and a total volume of distribution of 2.00-3.04L/kg.

Elimination Route

A 250mg oral dose of ciprofloxacin reaches an average maximum concentration of 0.94mg/L in 0.81 hours with an average area under the curve of 1.013L/h*kg. The FDA reports an oral bioavailability of 70-80% while other studies report it to be approximately 60%. An early review of ciprofloxacin reported an oral bioavailability of 64-85% but recommends 70% for all practical uses.

Topical corticosteroids can be absorbed from normal intact skin. Inflammation and/or other disease processes in the skin increase percutaneous absorption.

Half Life

The average half life following a 250mg oral dose was 4.71 hours and 3.65 hours following a 100mg intravenous dose. Generally the half life is reported as 4 hours.

6-8 hours

Clearance

The average renal clearance after a 250mg oral dose is 5.08mL/min*kg. Following a 100mg intravenous dose, the average total clearance is 9.62mL/min*kg, average renal clearance is 4.42mL/min*kg, and average non renal clearance is 5.21mL/min*kg.

Elimination Route

27% of an oral dose was recovered unmetabolized in urine compared to 46% of an intravenous dose. Collection of radiolabelled ciprofloxacin resulted in 45% recovery in urine and 62% recovery in feces.

Corticosteroids are metabolized primarily in the liver and are then excreted by the kidneys. Some of the topical corticosteroids and their metabolites are also excreted into the bile.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category C+D.Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Lactation: Excretion in breast milk unknown; not recommended.

Contraindication

Known hypersensitivity to any ingredient of the product. Herpes simplex and other viral conditions, mycosis, glaucoma, newborn babies, fungal diseases of ocular or auricular structures.

Special Warning

Paediatric Use:

• Ear: Safety and effectiveness of this suspension in pediatric (6 months of age and older) patients for ear application have been established.
• Eye: Safety and effectiveness of this suspension in pediatric patients for eye application have not been established.

Acute Overdose

In case of acute overdose, the patient should be carefully observed and given supporative treatment, including monitoring of renal function. Adequate hydration must be maintained.

Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur, however, in the case of chronic overdosage or misuse, the features of hypercorticism may appear and in this situation topical steroids should be discontinued

Storage Condition

Should be stored in cool and dry place.

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