Clobriv Mg

Uses

Clobetasol Propionate is used for:

• Initial control of all forms of hyperacute eczema in all age groups
• Chronic hyperkeratotic eczema of the hands and feet and patches of chronic lichen simplex
• Chronic hyperkeratotic psoriasis of any area of the body
• Severe acute photosensitivity
• Hypertrophic lichen planus
• Localized bullous disorders
• Keloid scarring
• Pretibial myxoedema
• Vitiligo
• Suppression of reaction after cryotherapy
• Scalp Solution is used for the topical therapy of recalcitrant corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses of the scalp, including recalcitrant cases of psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis.

Blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, acute meibomianitis, and corneal ulcers caused by susceptible organisms. Otorrhea associated with external otitis, chronic suppurative otitis media or subacute purulent otitis media; or postoperative otorrhea, such as that following fenestration, mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.

Gentamicin cream is used for the topical treatment of the primary and secondary bacterial infections of the skin caused by the organisms sensitive to Gentamicin. Gentamicin may clear infections that have not responded to other topical antibiotics.

Miconazole Topical Cream has an antibacterial effect on Gram-positive bacteria, it may be used in mycoses secondarily infected with such bacteria. Skin and nail infections due to dermatophytes, yeasts and other fungi such as: Tinea capitis, corporis, manuum, pedis, barbae, cruris, unguium or onychomycosis. Pityriasis versicolor, candidiasis of skin and nails, stomatitis angularis, otitis externa.

Miconazole Oral treatment and prevention of fungal infections of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract, and of super infections due to Gram-positive bacteria.

Clobriv Mg is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Alopecia, Severe Plaque psoriasis, Corticosteroid responsive, Inflammatory Dermatosis, Corticosteroid responsive, pruritic Dermatosis, Moderate Plaque psoriasis, Moderate Scalp Psoriasis, Severe Scalp PsoriasisBacterial Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Peritonitis, Bacterial dacryocystitis, Blepharoconjunctivitis, Central Nervous System Infections, Conjunctivitis allergic, Corneal infection, Dermatitis infected, Ecthyma, Eczematous dermatitis infected, Folliculitis, Furunculosis, Gram-negative enteric bacilli neonatal sepsis, Impetigo contagious, Inflammation, Keratitis bacterial, Keratoconjunctivitis, Meibomianitis, Meningitis, Bacterial, Ocular Inflammation, Pustular Psoriasis (PP), Pustular acne, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Septicemia gram-negative, Skin Infections, Skin Infections, Bacterial, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections, Sycosis barbae, Bacterial blepharitis, Bacterial corneal ulcers, Bacterial dermatoses, Complicated Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections, Complicated Respiratory tract infection bacterial, Corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, Ocular bacterial infections, Severe Endocarditis enterococcal, Severe Infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Severe Staphylococcal infectionAcne Vulgaris, Dermatophytosis, Dermatophytosis of nail, Diaper Dermatitis, Excessive sweating and body odor, Fungal skin infection, Gastrointestinal candidiasis, Infection Mixed, Infections, Fungal of the Skin Folds, Nail candida, Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, Pityriasis versicolor, Ringworm, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Skin candida, Tinea Capitis, Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, Tinea Pedis, Vaginal Candidiasis, Cutaneous candidiasis

How Clobriv Mg works

The short term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation. Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.

Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.

Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive. High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.

There are 3 key phases of aminoglycoside entry into cells. The first “ionic binding phase” occurs when polycationic aminoglycosides bind electrostatically to negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes including with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids within the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and to teichoic acids and phospholipids within the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. This binding results in displacement of divalent cations and increased membrane permeability, allowing for aminoglycoside entry. The second “energy-dependent phase I” of aminoglycoside entry into the cytoplasm relies on the proton-motive force and allows a limited amount of aminoglycoside access to its primary intracellular target - the bacterial 30S ribosome. This ultimately results in the mistranslation of proteins and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane.[A233320] Finally, in the “energy-dependent phase II” stage, concentration-dependent bacterial killing is observed. Aminoglycoside rapidly accumulates in the cell due to the damaged cytoplasmic membrane, and protein mistranslation and synthesis inhibition is amplified. The necessity of oxygen-dependent active transport explains why aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobic bacteria. Hence, aminoglycosides have both immediate bactericidal effects through membrane disruption and delayed bactericidal effects through impaired protein synthesis; observed experimental data and mathematical modeling support this two-mechanism model. Inhibition of protein synthesis is a key component of aminoglycoside efficacy. Structural and cell biological studies suggest that aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA in helix 44 (h44), near the A site of the 30S ribosomal subunit, altering interactions between h44 and h45. This binding also displaces two important residues, A1492 and A1493, from h44, mimicking normal conformational changes that occur with successful codon-anticodon pairing in the A site.[A232324, A232329] Overall, aminoglycoside binding has several negative effects including inhibition of translation, initiation, elongation, and ribosome recycling. Recent evidence suggests that the latter effect is due to a cryptic second binding site situated in h69 of the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.[A232329, A232339] Also, by stabilizing a conformation that mimics correct codon-anticodon pairing, aminoglycosides promote error-prone translation.[A232344] Mistranslated proteins can incorporate into the cell membrane, inducing the damage discussed above.

Miconazole is an azole antifungal used to treat a variety of conditions, including those caused by Candida overgrowth. Unique among the azoles, miconazole is thought to act through three main mechanisms. The primary mechanism of action is through inhibition of the CYP450 14α-lanosterol demethylase enzyme, which results in altered ergosterol production and impaired cell membrane composition and permeability, which in turn leads to cation, phosphate, and low molecular weight protein leakage.

In addition, miconazole inhibits fungal peroxidase and catalase while not affecting NADH oxidase activity, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased intracellular ROS leads to downstream pleiotropic effects and eventual apoptosis.

Lastly, likely as a result of lanosterol demethylation inhibition, miconazole causes a rise in intracellular levels of farnesol. This molecule participates in quorum sensing in Candida, preventing the transition from yeast to mycelial forms and thereby the formation of biofilms, which are more resistant to antibiotics. In addition, farnesol is an inhibitor of drug efflux ABC transporters, namely Candida CaCdr1p and CaCdr2p, which may additionally contribute to increased effectiveness of azole drugs.

Dosage

Clobriv Mg dosage

Nyclobate Cream & Ointment

Adults and children over 1 year:

• Apply sparingly to cover the affected area, and gently rub into the skin. Frequency of application is 2 to 3 times daily according to the severity of the condition. The total dose applied should not exceed 50 g weekly.

• Treatment should not be continued for more than 7 days without medical supervision. If a longer course is necessary, it is recommended that treatment should not be continued for more than 4 weeks without the patient\\\'s condition being reviewed.

• Repeated short courses of Clobetasol may be used to control exacerbations

Children below 1 year: Under 1 year this preparation is not recommended

Nyclobate Scalp Application

• It should be applied to the affected scalp areas twice daily, once in morning and once at night.

• Total dosage should not exceed 50 ml per week.

• As with other highly active topical steroid preparations, therapy should be discontinued when control is achieved

Children: Under 1 year this preparation is not recommended.

Nyclobate Shampoo

• It should be applied to the dry (not wet) scalp once a day to the affected areas only.

• It should be massaged gently into the lesions and left in place for 15 minutes before lathering and rinsing.

• Treatment should be limited to 4 consecutive weeks.

• Total dosage of shampoo should not exceed 50 g per week.

• Under 18 years this preparation is not recommended.

Eye: 1-2 drops instilled in affected eye up to 6 times a day or more frequently if required (severe infections may require 1-2 drops every 15-20 minutes initially, reducing the frequency of instillation gradually as the infection is controlled).

Ear: The area should be cleaned and 2-3 drops should be instilled every 3-4 times a day and at night, or more frequently if required.

A small amount of Gentamicin should be applied gently to the affected areas three to four times daily. The area treated may be covered with a gauze dressing if desired. Before applying the medication the affected area should be properly cleaned.

For oral administration: Dosage is based on 15 mg/kg/day.

• Adults: 1-2 tea-spoonfuls of gel four times daily
• Children aged 6 years and over: One tea-spoonful of gel four times daily
• Children aged 2-6 years: One tea-spoonful of gel twice daily
• Infants under 2 years: Half tea-spoonful of gel twice daily.

For localised lesions of the mouth:

A small amount of gel may be applied directly to the affected area with a clean finger. For topical treatment of the oropharynx, the gel should be kept in the mouth for as long as possible. Treatment should be continued for up to 2 days after the symptoms have cleared.

For oral candidasis, dental prostheses:

Should be removed at night and brushed with the gel.

The dosage is same for all the ages.

For skin infections: Apply some cream to the lesions twice daily and rub it well with finger until it has fully penetrated the skin. All lesions usually disappear after 2 to 5 weeks. Prolong treatment for some 10 days to prevent relapse.

For nail infections: Clip infected nail as shortly as possible. Apply some cream once daily to the infected nail and rub with your finger, cover nail with a non-perforated occlusive plastic bandage.

Also after loosening of the infected nail (from 2-3 weeks onwards) uniterrupted treatment should be continued until the growth of a new nail has set in and definite cure can be observed (usually after seven months or more).

Side Effects

Generally Clobetasol Propionate is well tolerated. However, few side effects after prolonged and intensive treatment may cause local atrophic changes in the skin such as Burning, itching, irritation, dry skin eczema.

In patients with dermatoses treated with gentamicin, irritation (erythema and pruritus) had been reported in small number of cases. Itching, redness, swelling or other signs of irritation may develop. With the eye/ear drop bacterial and corneal ulcer have developed during treatment with gentamicin. Most frequently reported adverse reactions are ocular burning and irritation upon drug instillation, non specific conjunctivitis, conjunctival epithelial defects, and conjunctival hyperemia.

Gentamicin cream is well tolerated. There has been no evidence of irritation and sensitization after using Gentamicin cream.

Topical application of Miconazole Nitrate has almost no side effect.

For oral gel: Occasionally, nausea and vomiting have been reported, and with long term treatment, diarrhoea. In rare instances, allergic reactions have been reported. There are isolated reports of hepatitis, for which the causal relationship with Miconazole has not been established.

Toxicity

Data regarding acute overdoses of glucocorticoids are rare. Overdoses of clobetasol propionate can lead to reversible HPA axis suppression and glucocorticoid insufficiency. Chronic high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to the development of cataract, glaucoma, hypertension, water retention, hyperlipidemia, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, myopathy, osteoporosis, mood changes, psychosis, dermal atrophy, allergy, acne, hypertrichosis, immune suppression, decreased resistance to infection, moon face, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, growth suppression, and secondary adrenal insufficiency.[A188405] Overdose may be treated by adjusting the dose or stopping the corticosteroid as well as initiating symptomatic and supportive treatment.[A188405]

As with other aminoglycosides, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are associated with gentamicin. Signs of nephrotoxicity include an increase in plasma creatinine and urea, while signs of ototoxicity include issues with balance, nausea, tinnitus, and hearing loss. It is important to note that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is typically reversible, while ototoxicity is more likely to be permanent. The risk of both toxicities increases with long-term gentamicin therapy. Gentamicin is considered to be more vestibulotoxic than cochleotoxic compared to other aminoglycosides. Unfortunately, gentamicin-related ototoxicity does not correlate with cumulative dosing, peak and trough levels, or dosing schedule. The unpredictability of ototoxicity supports close monitoring of the patient throughout treatment. In cases of toxicity or overdose, the medication should be discontinued immediately; hemodialysis may be initiated to lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

Miconazole overdose has not been reported. Patients experiencing an overdose are at an increased risk of severe adverse effects such as headache, skin irritation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dysgeusia. Symptomatic and supportive measures are recommended.

Miconazole has an oral LD₅₀ of 500 mg/kg in rats.

Precaution

Do not swallow. For external use only.

If these occurs or if irritation, sensitization develops, treatment with gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted. Gentamicin ear/eye drops is not for injection. It should never be injected subconjunctivally, nor it should be directly introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye.

Use of topical antibiotics occasionally cause overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi. If this occurs or if irritation, sensitisation or super infection develops, treatment with Gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.

If the concomitant use of Miconazole and anticoagulants is envisaged, the anticoagulant effect should be carefully monitored and titrated. It is advisable to monitor Miconazole and phenytoin levels, if they are used concomitantly. Particularly in infants and young children, caution is required to ensure that the gel does not obstruct the throat. Hence, the gel should not be applied to the back of the throat and the full dose should be divided into smaller portions. Observe the patient for possible choking.

Interaction

No hazardous interactions have been reported with use of Clobetasol Propionate.

None has been reported so far with topical and Eye/Ear drops.

Miconazole can inhibit the metabolism of drugs metabolised by the Cytochrome P450-3A and -2C9 families. This can result in an increase or prolongation of their effects, including side effects. Miconazole Oral Gel should not be used during treatment with the following drugs: terfenadine, astemizole,mizolastine, cisapride, triazolam, oral midazolam, dofetilide, quinidine, pimozide, CYP3A4 metabolised HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as simvastatin and lovastatin.

Volume of Distribution

Data regarding the volume of distribution of clobetasole propionate are not readily available.

A 1200 mg miconazole vaginal suppository resulted in a calculated apparent volume of distribution of 95 546 L while a 100 mg vaginal cream yielded an apparent volume of distribution of 10 911L.

Elimination Route

Twice daily application of clobetasol foam leads to a C_max of 59±36pg/mL with a T_max of 5 hours. Clobetasol cream showed an increase in clobetasol concentrations from 50.7±96.0pg/mL to 56.3±104.7pg/mL.

Miconazole given to healthy volunteers as a single 50 mg oral tablet produced a mean C_max of 15.1 ± 16.2 mcg/mL, a mean AUC_0-24 of 55.2 ± 35.1 mcg*h/mL, and a median T_max of 7 hours (range 2.0-24.1). In these patients measurable plasma concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.83 mcg/mL.

Topical miconazole is absorbed poorly into the systemic circulation. In pediatric patients aged 1-21 months given multiple topical applications of miconazole ointment for seven days, the plasma miconazole concentration was less than 0.5 ng/mL in 88% of the patients, with the remaining patients having a concentration of 0.57 and 0.58 ng/mL, respectively. Similarly, patients. administered with a vaginal 1200 mg ovule had a mean C_max of 10.71 ng/mL, mean T_max of 18.4 hours, and mean AUC_0-96 of 477.3 ng*h/mL.

Half Life

Data regarding the half life of clobetasol propionate are not readily available.

One study assessing the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults reported a mean half-life of 75 minutes after intravenous administration. The mean half-life associated with intramuscular administration was about 29 minutes longer. Fever and anemia may result in a shorter half-life although dose adjustments are not usually necessary. Severe burns are also associated with a shorter half-life and may result in lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

Miconazole has a terminal half-life of 24 hours.

Clearance

Data regarding the clearance of clobetasol propionate are not readily available.

The renal clearance of gentamicin is comparable to individual creatinine clearance.

Elimination Route

Corticosteroids are eliminated predominantly in the urine.

Gentamicin is excreted primarily by the kidneys. In patients with normal renal function, 70% or more of an initial gentamicin dose can be recovered in the urine within 24 hours. Excretion of gentamicin is significantly reduced in patients with renal impairment.

Miconazole is excreted through both urine and feces; less than 1% of unchanged miconazole is recovered in urine.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

The safe use of Clobetasol Propionate during pregnancy & lactation has not been established.

Consideration should be given the possibility of foetal ototoxicity when gentamicin is applied topically to large denuded areas of skin. For Gentamicin Eye/Ear Drops safety profile in pregnancy is not yet established and should be administered when considered essential.

In animals, Miconazole has shown no teratogenic effects but is foetotoxic at high oral doses. The significance of this to man is unknown. However, as with other imidazoles, Miconazole Oral Gel should be avoided in pregnant women if possible. The potential hazards should be balanced against the possible benefits. It is not known whether Miconazole is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when prescribing Miconazole Oral Gel to nursing mothers.

Only small amounts of Miconazole cream are absorbed following local administration. However as with other imidazoles, Miconazole nitrate should be used with caution during pregnancy.

Contraindication

Contraindicated in Cutaneous infections such as impetigo, tinea corporis and herpes simplex, Infestations such as scabies, Acne vulgaris, Hypersensitivity, Rosacea, Gravitational ulceration, Perioral dermatitis, Children under 1 year

Gentamicin is contraindicated in individuals with a history of sensitivity reaction to any of its components. Use of topical Gentamicin may occasionally allow overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi.

Miconazole is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the active drug.

Special Warning

Use in Paediatrics: The drug may be used in paediatrics patients in appropriate dosage, but large quantities for prolonged period should be avoided. It is contraindicated in children less than one year.

Acute Overdose

Acute overdosage is very unlikely to occur. However, in the case of chronic overdose or misuse the features of hypercortisolism may appear.

In general, Miconazole is not highly toxic. In the event of accidental overdosage, vomiting and diarrhoea may occur.

Storage Condition

Do not store above 30 0 C. Keep away from light and out of the reach of children. Do not freeze.

To avoid contamination, do not touch the tip of the container to the eye, eyelid or any surface.

Store away from direct heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Innovators Monograph

You find simplified version here Clobriv Mg