Cytonac

Uses

Aceclofenac is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in both acute and chronic pain like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, dental pain, post-traumatic pain, low back pain, gynaecological pain etc.

Antiulcerant Indication: Misoprostol is used for reducing the risk of NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin) induced gastric ulcers in patients at high risk of complications from gastric ulcer, eg, the elderly and patients with concomitant debilitating disease, as well as patients at high risk of developing gastric ulceration, such as patients with a history of ulcer. Misoprostol has not been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs. Misoprostol should be taken for the duration of NSAID therapy. It had no effect, compared to placebo, on gastrointestinal pain or discomfort associated with NSAID use.

Gynecological Indication: Labor induction (in unfavorable cervical conditions) In the prevention & treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)

Cytonac is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), Osteoarthritis (OA), Rheumatoid ArthritisGastric Ulcer, Incomplete Abortion, Missed Abortion, Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH), Induction of cervix ripening therapy, Medically induced abortion

How Cytonac works

Through COX-2 inhibition, aceclofenac downregulates the production of various inflammatory mediators including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1β, and TNF from the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway. Inhibition of IL-6 is thought to be mediated by diclofenac converted from aceclofenac . Suppressed action of inflammatory cytokines decreases the production of reactive oxygen species. Aceclofenac is shown to decreased production of nitrous oxide in human articular chondrocytes . In addition, aceclofenac interferes with neutrophil adhesion to endothelium by decreasing the expression of L-selectin (CD62L), which is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on lymphocytes . Aceclofenac is proposed to stimulate the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan in human osteoarthritic cartilage which may be mediated through its inhibitory action on IL-1 production and activity . The chrondroprotective effects are generated by 4'-hydroxyaceclofenac which suppresses IL-1 mediated production of promatrix metalloproteinase-1 and metalloproteinase-3 and interferes with the release of proteoglycan from chrondrocytes .

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that stimulates prostaglandin E1 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach to reduce gastric acid secretion. Mucus and bicarbonate secretion are also increased along with thickening of the mucosal bilayer so the mucosa can generate new cells.

Misoprostol binds to smooth muscle cells in the uterine lining to increase the strength and frequency of contractions as well as degrade collagen and reduce cervical tone.

Dosage

Cytonac dosage

Adults: The maximum recommended dose is 200 mg daily, taken as two separate 100 mg doses, one tablet in the morning and one in the evening.

Children: There is no clinical data on the use of aceclofenac in children.

Elderly: The pharmacokinetics of aceclofenac are not altered in elderly patients, therefore it is not considered necessary to modify the dose and dose frequency.

Renal insufficiency: There is no evidence that the dosage of aceclofenac needs to be modified in patients with mild renal impairment.

Hepatic insufficiency: The dose of aceclofenac should be reduced in patients with hepatic impairment. An initial daily dose of 100 mg should be administered.

Aceclofenac SR tablet:

The recommended dose is 200 mg once daily.

Anti-ulcerant dosage & administration:

• The recommended adult oral dose for reducing the risk of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers:200 mcg Misoprostolfour times daily with food. If this dose cannot be tolerated, a dose of 100 mcg can be used. Misoprostolshould be taken for the duration of NSAID therapy as prescribed by the physician. Misoprostol should be taken with a meal, and the last dose of the day should be at bedtime.
• Renal impairment: Adjustment of the dosing schedule in renally impaired patients is not routinely needed, but dosage can be reduced if the 200 mcg dose is not tolerated.

Gynecological dosage & administration-

• Induction of Labor: 25 mcg vaginally 6 hourly or, 50 mcg orally 4 hourly.
• Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) prophylaxis: 400 mcg to 600 mcg orally or rectally immediately following delivery of the child.
• Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) treatment: 1,000 mcg rectally or, 200 mcg orally with 400 mcg sublingually.

Side Effects

Generally aceclofenac is well tolerated. The majority of side effects observed have been reversible and of a minor nature and include gastrointestinal disorders (dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea) and occasional occurance of dizziness. Dermatological side effects including pruritus and rash. Abnormal hepatic enzyme levels and raised serum creatinine have occasionally been reported.

Gastrointestinal: GI disorders had the highest reported incidence of adverse events for patients receiving Misoprostol. It can cause more abdominal pain, diarrhea and other GI symptoms. The incidence of diarrhea can be minimized by administering it with food and by avoiding co administration with magnesium-containing antacids.

Gynecological: Gynecological disorders such as spotting, cramps, hypermenorrhea, menstrual disorder and dysmenorrhea have been reported. Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding may be related to Misoprostol administration.

Elderly: Overall, there were no significant differences in the safety profile in patients 65 years of age or older compared with younger patients.

Toxicity

Some common adverse effects include gastro-intestinal disorders (dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea), rash, ruber, urticaria, symptoms of enuresis, headache, dizziness, and drowsiness . Oral LD50 value in rats is 130 mg/kg .

The oral LD₅₀ in rats is 81mg/kg and in mice is 27mg/kg. The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ in rats is 40mg/kg and in mice is 70mg/kg.

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, palpitations, hypotension, and bradycardia. Hemodialysis is not expected to be useful in the treatment of misoprostol overdose but oral activated charcoal may help reduce absorption. In the event of an overdose, treat symptoms with supportive therapy. This may include removal of undissolved tablets from the vagina or buccal cavity, intravenous fluid replacement, acetaminophen, diazepam, haloperidol, or intramuscular diclofenac depending on the symptoms that present.

Precaution

Aceclofenac should be administered with caution to patients with symptoms indicative of gastrointestinal disorders, with a history of peptic ulceration, ulcerative colitis, Crohn\'s disease, hepatic porphyria, and coagulation disorders. Patients suffering from severe hepatic impairment must be monitored.

Precaution should be taken in conditions where hypertension might precipitate severe complications (e.g. cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease).

Interaction

Lithium and Digoxin: Aceclofenac, like many NSAIDs may increase plasma concentrations of lithium and Digoxin.

Diuretics: Aceclofenac, like other NSAIDs, may interact the activity of diuretics.

Anticoagulants: Like other NSAIDs, Aceclofenac may enhance the activity of anticoagulant. Close monitoring of patients on combined anticoagulants and Aceclofenac therapy should be undertaken.

Methotrexate: Caution should be exercised if NSAIDs and Methotrexate are administered within 24 hours of each other, since NSAIDs may increase Methotrexate plasma levels, resulting in increased toxicity.

There is no evidence of clinically significant interaction between Misoprostol and cardiac, pulmonary and CNS drugs and NSAIDs. Bioavailability of Misoprostol is decreased with high doses of antacid.

Volume of Distribution

The volume of distribution is approximately 25 L .

Data regarding the volume of distribution of misoprostol is scarce.

The apparent volume of distribution of the active metabolite of misoprostol was in subjects with normal renal function was 13.6±8.0L/kg, with mild renal impairment was 17.3±23.0L/kg, with moderate renal impairment was 14.3±6.8L/kg, and with end stage renal disease was 11.0±9.6L/kg.

Elimination Route

Aceclofenac is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulates mainly as unchanged drug following oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are reached around 1.25 to 3 hours post-ingestion, and the drug penetrates into the synovial fluid where the concentration may reach up to 60% of that in the plasma . There is no accumulation in regular dosing, with similar maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax) after single and multiple doses .

For an 800µg oral dose of misoprostol, the AUC was 2.0192±0.8032h*ng/mL, the C_max was 2.6830±1.2161ng/mL, and a t_max of 0.345±0.186h. For a 800µg sublingual dose of misoprostol, the AUC was 3.2094±1.0417h*ng/mL, the C_max was 2.4391±1.1567ng/mL, and a t_max of 0.712±0.415h. For a 800µg buccal dose of misoprostol, the AUC was 2.0726±0.3578h*ng/mL, the C_max was 1.3611±0.3436ng/mL, and a t_max of 1.308±0.624h.

Half Life

The mean plasma elimination half-life is approximately 4 hours .

The half life of an 800µg oral dose is 1.0401±0.5090h, for a sublingual dose is 0.8542±0.1170h, and for a buccal dose is 0.8365±0.1346h.

Clearance

The mean clearance rate is approximately 5 L/h .

Because of the rapid de-esterification of misoprostol before or during absorption, it is usually undetectable in plasma. Misoprostol's active metabolite, misoprostol acid, has a total body clearance of 0.286L/kg/min. Subjects with mild renal impairment had a total body clearance of 0.226±0.073L/kg/min, subjects with moderate renal impairment had a total body clearance of 0.270±0.103L/kg/min, and subjects with end stage renal disease had a total body clearance of 0.105±0.052L/kg/min.

Elimination Route

The main route of elimination is via the urine where the elimination accounts for 70-80% of clearance of the drug . Approximately two thirds of the administered dose is excreted via the urine, mainly as glucuronidated and hydroxylated forms of aceclofenac . About 20% of the dose is excreted into feces .

As much as 73.2±4.6% of a radiolabelled oral dose of misoprostol is recovered in the urine.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy: There is no information on the use of aceclofenac during pregnancy. Aceclofenac should not be administered during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dose should be administered.

Lactation: There is no information on the secretion of aceclofenac in breast milk. The use of aceclofenac should therefore be avoided during lactation unless the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the possible risks to the children.

Pregnancy: Misoprostol is contraindicated to pregnant women.

Lactation: It is not known whether Misoprostol's active metabolite- misoprostol acid is excreted in human milk. Misoprostol should not be administered to nursing mothers because the excretion of misoprostol acid could cause diarrhea in nursing infants.

Contraindication

Aceclofenac should not be administered to patients with active or suspected peptic ulcer or gastro-intestinal bleeding. It should not be given to patients with moderate to severe renal impairment. Close medical surveillance is also imperative in patients suffering from severe impairment of hepatic function. It should not be prescribed during pregnancy, unless there are compelling reasons for doing so. The lowest effective dosage should be used. Aceclofenac should not be administered to patients previously sensitive to Aceclofenac or in whom aspirin or NSAIDs precipitate attacks of asthma, acute rhinitis or urticaria or who are hypersensitive to these drugs.

Misoprostol is contraindicated to anyone with a history of allergy to prostaglandins and it is also contraindicated in pregnancy.

Acute Overdose

There is no human data available on the consequences of aceclofenac overdosage. After overdosage, following therapeutic measures to be taken: absorption should be prevented as soon as possible by means of gastric lavage and treatment with activated charcoal. Supportive and symptomatic treatment should be given for complications.

The toxic dose of Misoprostol in human has not been determined. Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and fever. Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy.

Storage Condition

Keep at a cool and dry place, protected from light and moisture.

Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light and moisture. Keep out of the reach of the children

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