Emineton
Emineton Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Cupric sulfate is a salt created by treating cupric oxide with sulfuric acid. This forms as large, bright blue crystals containing five molecules of water (CuSO4∙5H2O) and is also known as blue vitriol. The anhydrous salt is created by heating the hydrate to 150 °C (300 °F). Cupric sulfate is used primarily for agricultural purposes, as a pesticide, germicide, feed additive, and soil additive. Some of its secondary uses are as a raw material in the preparation of other copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries and electroplating baths, and in medical practice as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent .
Copper is an essential trace element and an important catalyst for heme synthesis and iron absorption. After zinc and iron, copper is the third most abundant trace element found in the human body. Copper is a noble metal and its properties include high thermal and electrical conductivity, low corrosion, alloying ability, and malleability. Copper is a component of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and the release of copper is necessary for their important contraceptive effects. The average daily intake of copper in the USA is approximately 1 mg Cu with the diet being a primary source .
Interestingly, the dysregulation of copper has been studied with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Data from clinical observations of the neurotoxic effects of copper may provide the basis for future treatments affecting copper and its homeostasis .
Vitamin E Capsule is a Vitamin E preparation. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in the body. Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membrane) and other oxygen-sensitive substances such as vitamin A & vitamin C from oxidation. Vitamin E reacts with free radicals, which is the cause of oxidative damage to cell membranes, without the formation of another free radical in the process. The main pharmacological action of vitamin E in humans is its antioxidant effect.
In premature neonates irritability, edema, thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may be caused due to vitamin E deficiency. Creatinuria, ceroid deposition, muscle weakness, decreased erythrocyte survival or increased in vitro hemolysis by oxidizing agents have been identified in adults and children with low serum tocopherol concentrations.
Vitamin E is a collective term used to describe 8 separate fat soluble antioxidants, most commonly alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitamin E deficiency is seen in persons with abetalipoproteinemia, premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), cystic fibrosis, and cholestasis and severe liver disease. Preliminary research suggests vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease and protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen. Low levels of vitamin E have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer.
| Trade Name | Emineton |
| Generic | Fe fumarate + cupric sulfate + manganese sulfate + vitamin B + vitamin B + vitamin C + vitamin E + Calsium phosphate dibasic |
| Weight | 90mg, 0.35mg, 0.05mg, cobaltsulfate0.15mg, 63mg, 125mcg, 60mg, 5mg, asamfolat400mcg, 60mg |
| Type | Tablet |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | Dankos Farma, Hexpharm Jaya |
| Available Country | Indonesia |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Cupric sulfate is a compound used as an intravenous copper supplement for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).
Elemental use in copper deficiency
Copper and copper containing compounds are broadly used in medical practice. Metallic copper is used already for many years in dental fillings and in copper intrauterine devices (IUD) for reversible contraception. Ointments containing copper, which release copper ions that are absorbed by the skin in the management of cramps, disturbances of renal function, peripheral, venous hypostatic circulatory disturbances, rheumatic disease and swelling associated with trauma. There are also cosmetic facial creams containing copper as their main active ingredient .
As a dietary supplement:
- Vitamin E deficiency resulting from impaired absorption.
- Increased requirements due to diet rich in polyunsaturated fats.
- For healthy hair & skin
- As an Antioxidant
- Hemolytic anemia due to Vitamin E deficiency
Therapeutic use
: Heavy metal poisoning, Hepatotoxin poisoning, Hemolytic anemia, Oxygen therapy and replacement therapy in nutritional deficiency states for the betterment of skin and hair.
Emineton is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Copper Deficiency, Skin disinfectionVitamin Deficiency, Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, Dietary supplementation
How Emineton works
This drug is an essential trace element for the functioning of many metalloenzymes including ceruloplasmin, ferroxidase II, lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, Zn-copper superoxide dismutase, tyrosinase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and cytochrome-c-oxidase.
It is involved in erythropoiesis & leukopoiesis, bone mineralization, elastin and collagen cross-linking, oxidative phosphorylation, catecholamine metabolism, melanin formation & antioxidant protection of cells .
Cupric sulfate may also have a role in iron turnover, ascorbic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, myelin formation, glucose homeostasis, and cellular immune defense .
After the metal passes through the basolateral membrane it is transported to the liver, attached to serum albumin. The liver is the critical organ for the homeostasis of copper. The copper is then prepared for excretion through the bile or incorporation into various proteins. The transport of copper to the peripheral tissues is accomplished through the plasma attached to serum albumin, ceruloplasmin or low-molecular-weight complexes .
In the dermis, copper promotes dermal fibroblasts proliferation, upregulates collagen (types I, II, and V) and elastin fiber components (elastin, fibrillins) production by fibroblasts, through the induction of TGF-β, promotes heat shock protein-47, important for collagen fibril formation, serves as a cofactor of LOX enzyme required for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking, stabilizes the skin ECM once formed, as increased crosslinking of collagen and elastin matrices occurs in a copper dose dependant manner, serves as a cofactor of superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant enzyme in the skin, essential for protection against free radicals, inhibits cellular oxidative effects such as membrane damage and lipid peroxidation, acts as a cofactor of tyrosinase, a melanin biosynthesis essential enzyme responsible for skin and hair pigmentation .
In reference to its role as a biocide, copper is an essential nutrient for many organisms. It acts as a cofactor in respiration, and therefore copper is required for aerobic metabolism. Accumulation of copper ions or intracellular release of free copper ions from proteins lead to cell damage. Copper catalyzes reactions that result in the production of hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions. The highly reactive oxygen intermediates lead to lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins. Free copper ions oxidize sulfhydryl groups, such as cysteine, in proteins or the cellular redox buffer glutathione. In particular, copper ions inactivate proteins by damaging Fe-S clusters in cytoplasmic hydratases .
The mechanism of action for most of vitamin E's effects are still unknown. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, preventing free radical reactions with cell membranes. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity.
One mechanism of vitamin E's antioxidant effect is in the termination of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a relatively stable vitamin E radical. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione.
Dosage
Emineton dosage
Betterment of Cardiovascular health: 400 mg - 800 mg / day
Deficiency syndrome in adults: 200 mg - 400 mg / day
Deficiency syndrome in children: 200 mg / day
Thalassemia: 800 mg / day
Sickle-cell anemia: 400 mg / day
Betterment of Skin & Hair: 200 mg - 400 mg / day (Topical use is also established for beautification)
Chronic cold in adults: 200 mg / day
Side Effects
Overdoses (>1g) have been associated with minor side effects, including hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea and myopathy
Toxicity
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 300 mg/kg in rats .
Copper sulfate ingestion (accidental or deliberate) is a rare form of poisoning usually limited to the Indian subcontinent. Though the rates are on the decline, it is essential that physicians are aware of its lethal complications and management strategies. The main complications of copper sulfate ingestion include intravascular hemolysis, methemoglobinaemia, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis .
Severe gastrointestinal effects may occur with acute overdosage. In extreme or long-term overdosage, symptoms may be similar to those of Wilson's disease, a disease in which the liver does not filter copper adequately and copper accumulates in the liver, brain, eyes, and other organs. Gradually, high copper levels may cause life-threatening organ damage .
Ingestion of more than 15 mg of copper has been reported to be toxic to humans. In a survey of human clinical case studies, 5.3 mg/day was the lowest oral dose at which local gastrointestinal irritation was seen. Ingestion of gram quantities of copper sulfate resulted in death by suicide, whereas less severe effects were reported from estimated copper doses of 40 to 50 mg from ingestion of carbonated beverages in contact with copper containers. Limited data are available on the chronic toxicity of copper. The hazard from dietary intakes of up to 5 mg/day appears to be low .
Treatment of cupric sulfate toxicity is symptomatic and may involve the use of a chelating agent (e.g. penicillamine, trientine and zinc) to remove any excessive metal that has been absorbed. In addition, dialysis may be useful .
There is no data available for effects in pregnancy, breast feeding, hepatic impairment, or renal impairment. However, it appears that the process of vitamin E elimination is strict and self regulating enough that vitamin E toxicity is exceedingly rare. Studies showing adverse effects from excess vitamin E generally involve people consuming more than 1000mg/day for weeks to months.
Precaution
Vitamin E may enhance the anticoagulant activity of anticoagulant drugs. Caution is advised in premature infants with high dose Vitamin E supplementation, because of reported risk of necrotizing enterocilitis.
Interaction
Vitamin E may impair the absorption of Vitamin A. Vitamin K functions impairement happens at the level of prothrombin formation and potentiates the effect of Warfarin.
Volume of Distribution
The body of a 70 kg healthy individual contains approximately 110 mg of copper, 50% of which is found in the bones and muscles, 15% in the skin, 15% in the bone marrow, 10% in the hepatic system, and 8% in the brain .
The distribution of copper is affected by sex, age, and the amount of copper in the diet. Brain and liver have the highest tissue levels (about one-third of the total body burden), with lesser concentrations found in the heart, spleen, kidneys, and blood. The iris and choroid of the eye have very high copper levels .
Erythrocyte copper levels are generally stable, however, plasma levels fluctuate widely in association with the synthesis and release of ceruloplasmin. Plasma copper levels during gestation may be 2-3 times levels measured before pregnancy, due to the increased synthesis of ceruloplasmin .
0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
Elimination Route
Primarily absorbed in the small intestine .
Based on studies with radioactive isotopes of copper, most copper is absorbed from the stomach and duodenum of the gastrointestinal tract.
Maximum blood copper levels are observed within 1 to 3 hours following oral administration, and about 50 percent of ingested copper was absorbed. Copper absorption is proposed to occur by two mechanisms, one energy- dependent and the other enzymatic. Factors that can interfere with copper absorption include competition for binding sites with zinc, interactions with molybdenum and sulfates, chelation with phytates, and inhibition by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) .
Copper absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is transported rapidly to blood serum and deposited in the liver bound to metallothionein .
From 20 to 60% of the dietary copper is absorbed .
10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate.
In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol.
Half Life
The biological half-life of copper from the diet is 13-33 days with biliary excretion being the primary route of elimination .
44 hours in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection. 12 minutes in intravenous injection of intestinal lymph.
Clearance
6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
Elimination Route
This drug is 80% eliminated via the liver in bile. Minimal excretion by the kidney . Metabolism studies show that persons with daily intakes of 2-5 mg of copper per day absorbed 0.6 to 1.6 mg (32%), excreted 0.5 to 1.3 mg in the bile, passed 0.1 to 0.3 mg directly into the bowel, and excreted 0.01 to 0.06 mg in the urine. As the data indicate, urinary excretion plays a negligible role in copper clearance, and the main route of excretion is in the bile. Other nonsignificant excretory routes include saliva, sweat, menstrual flow, and excretion into the intestine from the blood .
Alpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form .
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Use in pregnancy: Vitamin E may be used in pregnancy in the normally recommended dose but the safety of high dose therapy has not been established.
Use in lactation: There appears to be no contraindication to breast feeding by mothers taking the normally recommended dose.
Contraindication
No known contraindications found.
Special Warning
Use in Children: Vitamin E is safe for children
Acute Overdose
Large doses of vitamin E (more than 1 gm/day) have been reported to increase bleeding tendency in vitamin K deficient patients such as those taking oral anticoagulants.
Storage Condition
Store at a cool and dry place, Protect from light and moisture.
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