Espirar Inhalation Capsule

Espirar Inhalation Capsule Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Chlorobutanol, or chlorbutol, is an alcohol-based preservative with no surfactant activity . It also elicits sedative-hypnotic and weak local anesthetic actions in addition to antibacterial and antifungal properties. Similar in nature to chloral hydrate, it is formed by the simple nucleophilic addition of chloroform and acetone.

As a long-term stabilizer of multi-ingredient preparations, chlorobutanol is normally used at a concentration of 0.5%. At this concentration, it also conserves its antimicrobial activity.

Due to the long terminal half-life of 37 days, the use of chlorobutanol as a sedative is limited because of the considerable accumulation which will occur following multiple dosing . Chlorobutanol is a common detergent preservative in eye drops and other ophthalmic therapeutic formulations .

Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. Forming clear or white waxy, crystalline substance, menthol is typically solid at room temperature. (-)-Menthol is the naturally-occurring and main form of menthol, and is assigned the (1R,2S,5R) configuration. Menthol mediates anesthetic properties and anti-irritating properties locally, thus it is widely used to relieve minor throat irritations.

Menthol is a covalent organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or other mint oils. Menthol induces a cooling sensation on the skin upon inhalation, oral ingestion, or topical application by stimulating the cold-sensitive receptors expressed on the skin, without actually causing a drop in the skin temperature.

A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Trade Name Espirar Inhalation Capsule
Generic Levomenthol + Thymol + Terpineol + Chlorobutanol
Type Inhalation Capsule
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer Purnava Limited
Available Country Bangladesh
Last Updated: October 19, 2023 at 6:27 am
Espirar Inhalation Capsule
Espirar Inhalation Capsule

How Espirar Inhalation Capsule works

As a detergent, chlorobutanol disrupts the lipid structure of the cell membrane and increases the cell permeability, leading to cell lysis . It induces conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity via causing cell retraction and cessation of normal cytokines, cell movement, and mitotic activity . It disrupts the barrier and transport properties of the corneal epithelium as well as inhibits the utilization of oxygen by the cornea . Chlorobutanol also inhibits oxygen use by the cornea, which increases susceptibility to infection .

Menthol primarily activates the cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin. Menthol, after topical application, causes a feeling of coolness due to stimulation of 'cold' receptors by inhibiting Ca++ currents of neuronal membranes. It may also yield analgesic properties via kappa-opioid receptor agonism.

Toxicity

Oral LD50 of anhydrous chlorobutanol in rat is 510 mg/kg . Chlorobutanol was shown to induce conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity in vitro

Menthol, DL: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 2900 mg/kg [Rat], 3100 mg/kg [Mouse]. DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 5001 mg/kg Rabbit.

Volume of Distribution

The volume of distribution was approximately 233 ± 141 L in healthy individuals receiving oral chlorobutanol .

Elimination Route

Following oral administration in healthy subjects, the plasma concentration fell by 50% in 24 hours post-administration .

Half Life

Following oral administration, the terminal elimination half life in healthy subjects was 10.3 ± 1.3 days .

Clearance

In healthy subjects, the clearance was approximately 11.6 ± 1.0 mL/min following oral administration .

Elimination Route

Under physiological conditions, chlorobutanol is unstable. The mean urinary recovery accounts for 9.6% of the dose orally administered .

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