Estradiol and dienogest

Uses

Dienoaest is used for the treatment of endometriosis.

Treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with the menopause.

Treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy associated with the menopause. When prescribing solely for the treatment of symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy, topical vaginal products should be considered.

Treatment of hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure.

Treatment of breast cancer (for palliation only) in appropriately selected women and men with metastatic disease.

Treatment of advanced androgen-dependent carcinoma of the prostate (for palliation only).

Prevention of osteoporosis. When prescribing solely for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, therapy should only be considered for women at significant risk of osteoporosis and for whom non-estrogen medications are not considered to be appropriate.

Estradiol and dienogest is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Hypermenorrhea, Pain, Contraception, Oral ContraceptivesAtrophic Vaginitis, Breast Cancer, Breast engorgement caused by Postpartum state, Hypogonadism female, Kraurosis Vulvae, Metastatic Breast Cancer, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), Prostate Cancer, Urogenital atrophy, Vasomotor Symptoms Associated With Menopause, Vulvovaginal Atrophy, Advanced androgen dependent Prostate cancer, Female castration, Hypoestrogenism, Contraception, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Palliation

How Estradiol and dienogest works

Dienogest acts as an agonist at the progesterone receptor (PR) with weak affinity that is comparable to that of progesterone but has a very potent progestagenic effect in the endometrium, causing endometrial atrophy after prolonged use . It promotes antiproliferative, immunologic and antiangiogenic effects on endometrial tissue. Dienogest reduces the level of endogenous production of oestradiol and thereby suppressing the trophic effects of oestradiol on both the eutopic and ectopic endometrium . Continous administration of dienogest results in hyperprogestogenic and moderately hypoestrogenic endocrine environment, which causes initial decidualization of endometrial tissue . It is an antagonist at androgen receptors, improve androgenic symptoms such as acne and hirsutism [A16570].

Estrogen is found in the the breast, uterine, ovarian, skin, prostate, bone, fat, and brain tissues. The main source of estrogen in adult women during the reproductive period of life is the ovarian follicle, which secretes 70 to 500 mcg of estradiol each day. After menopause, however, the majority of endogenous estrogen is produced by transformation of androstenedione (which is secreted by the adrenal cortex) to estrone in the peripheral tissues. Both estrone and its sulphate conjugated form, estrone sulphate, represent the most abundant estrogens found in postmenopausal women.

Estradiol, however, is considerably more potent than estrone and estriol at the estrogen receptor (ER). As a result, the higher estrone concentration in postmenopausal population, can cause various undesirable effects. These effects may include hot flashes, chills, vaginal dryness, mood swings, irregular menstruation, and chills, in addition to sleep problems.

Estradiol workings by binding to subtypes of the estrogen receptor: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). It also exerts potent agonism of G Protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), which is recognized an important regulator of this drug's rapid effects. Once the estrogen receptor has bound to its ligand, it enters the nucleus of the target cell, regulating gene transcription and formation of of messenger RNA. This mRNA makes contact with ribosomes producing specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Agonism of estrogen receptors increases pro-estrogenic effects, leading to the relief of vasomotor and urogenital symptoms of a postmenopausal or low estradiol state.

Dosage

Estradiol and dienogest dosage

Tablet-taking can be started on any day of the menstrual cycle.

The dosage of Dienogest is 2 mg daily without any break, taken preferably at the same time each day with some liquid as needed. Tablet must be taken continuously without regard to vaginal bleeding. When a pack is finished, the next one should be started without interruption.

In the event of missed tablet(s), the woman should take 2 mg only, as soon as she remembers, and should then continue the next day to take the tablet at her usual time. A tablet not absorbed due to vomiting or diarrhea should likewise be replaced by 2 mg.

Oral:

• Prostate cancer: 10 mg 3 times/day for at least 3 month.
• Menopausal vasomotor symptoms: 1-2 mg/day on a cyclical or continuous regimen
• Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 0.5 mg/day in cyclical regimen.
• Hypogonadism: 1-2 mg/day in a cyclic regimen.

Vaginal:

• Vulvular and vag atrophy: Insert 2-4 g/day for 2 wk. Maintenance: 1 g 1-3 times/wk.
• Postmenopausal vag atrophy; Urogenital symptoms: Insert a ring and keep in place for 90 days.
• Atrophic vaginitis: Insert 1 tab once daily for 2 wk. Maintenance: 1 tab twice wkly. Attempt to discontinue or taper medication at 3-6 monthly intervals.

Side Effects

Increased weight; depressed mood, sleep disorder, nervousness, loss of libido, altered mood; headache, migraine; nausea, abdominal pain or distension, flatulence, vomiting; acne; alopecia; back pain; breast discomfort, ovarian cyst, hot flush, uterine/vaginal bleeding including spotting; asthenic conditions, irritability.

GI disturbances, genitourinary changes, haematologic disorders, CV and CNS effects, endocrine and metabolic disorders, cholestatic jaundice, local skin reactions, chorea, contact lens intolerance, steeping of corneal curvature, pulmonary thromboembolism, carbohydrate intolerance.

Toxicity

Oral LD50 in mouse is 4 mg/kg . In a long-term carcinogenicity study involving rats and mice, exposure of 10 times the dose of maximum recommended clinical dose of dienogest resulted in increased incidences of pituitary adenomas, fibroepithelial mammary tumours, stromal polyps of the uterus and malignant lymphoma . These tumors are thought to arise from marked species differences in the optimal oestrogen:progestogen ratio for reproductive function. In rat liver foci assay, dienogest did not induce tumor promotion activity . Dienogest does not display genotoxic potential.

The NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) oral toxicity of estradiol after 90 day in rats was 0.003 mg/kg/day for blood, female reproductive, and male reproductive, endocrine, and liver toxicity. Oral TDLO of ethinyl estradiol is 21 mg/kg/21D intermittent, woman) with an oral LD50 of 960 mg/kg in the rat.

There is limited information in the literature regarding estrogen overdose. Estradiol overdose likely leads to the occurrence of estrogen-associated adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, venous thrombosis, and vaginal bleeding. It is generally recommend to discontinue estradiol treatment and offer supportive care in the case of an overdose.

Precaution

Before starting Dienogest treatment, pregnancy must be excluded. During treatment, patients are advised to use nonhormonal methods of contraception (e.g, barrier method) if contraception is required.

As Dienogest is a progestogen-only preparation, it can be assumed that special warnings and special precautions for use of other progestogen-only preparations are also valid for the use of Dienogest .

Changes in Bleeding Pattern: Dienogest treatment affects the menstrual bleeding pattern in the majority of women.

Hepatic Impairment: Dienogest is contraindicated in patients with present or past severe hepatic disease.

Impairment of Fertility: Based on available data, ovulation is inhibited in the majority of patients during treatment with Dienogest. However, Dienogest is not a contraceptive.

If contraception is required, a nonhormonal method should be used.

Conditions exacerbated by fluid retention; hypercalcaemia, cerebrovascular diorders, coronary artery disease, gall bladder diseases; lipid effects; familial defects of lipoprotein metabolism. May increase BP, risk of venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, benign hepatic adenoma, endometrial cancer and size of preexisting uterine leiomyomata. Dosage should be reduced in hepatic impairment. Lactation. Child.

Interaction

Progestogens including Dienogest are metabolized mainly by the cytochrome P450 3A4 system . Therefore, inducers or inhibitors of CYP3A4 may affect the progestogen drug metabolism. Known CYP3A4 inhibitors like azole antifungals (e.g, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole), cimetidine, verapamil, macrolides (e.g, erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin), diltiazem, protease inhibitors (e.g, ritonavir, saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir), antidepressants (e.g, nefazodone, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine) may increase plasma levels of progestogens and result in adverse reactions.

CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 inducers e.g. aminoglutethimide, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and rifampin may decrease the effects of estradiol. May enhance the effects of hydrocortisone and prednisolone when used together.

Volume of Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of dienogest is 40 L .

Estrogens administered exogenously distribute in a similar fashion to endogenous estrogens. They can be found throughout the body, especially in the sex hormone target organs, such as the breast, ovaries and uterus.

Elimination Route

Dienogest is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with 91% bioavailability. The peak plasma concentration of 47 ng/mL is reached at about 1.5 hours after single ingestion of 2 mg . The stable concentrations of the drug are reached after two days of initial treatment .

The absorption of several formulations of estradiol is described below:

Oral tablets and injections

First-pass metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract rapidly breaks down estradiol tablets before entering the systemic circulation. The bioavailability of oral estrogens is said to be 2-10% due to significant first-pass effects. The esterification of estradiol improves the administration (such as with estradiol valerate) or to sustain release from intramuscular depot injections (including estradiol cypionate) via higher lipophilicity. After absorption, the esters are cleaved, which leads to the release of endogenous estradiol, or 17β-estradiol.

Transdermal preparations

The transdermal preparations slowly release estradiol through intact skin, which sustains circulating levels of estradiol during a 1 week period of time. Notably, the bioavailability of estradiol after transdermal administration is about 20 times higher than after oral administration. Transdermal estradiol avoids first pass metabolism effects that reduce bioavailability. Administration via the buttock leads to a Cmax of about 174 pg/mL compared to 147 pg/mL via the abdomen.

Spray preparations

After daily administration, the spray formulations of estradiol reach steady state within 7-8 days. After 3 sprays daily, Cmax is about 54 pg/mL with a Tmax of 20 hours. AUC is about 471 pg•hr/mL.

Vaginal ring and cream preparations

Estradiol is efficiently absorbed through the mucous membranes of the vagina. The vaginal administration of estrogens evades first-pass metabolism. Tmax after vaginal ring delivery ranges from 0.5 to 1 hour. Cmax is about 63 pg/mL. The vaginal cream preparation has a Cmax of estradiol (a component of Premarin vaginal estrogen conjugate cream) was a Cmax of 12.8 ± 16.6 pg/mL, Tmax of 8.5 ± 6.2 hours, with an AUC of 231 ± 285 pg•hr/mL.

Half Life

Elimination half-life of dienogest is around 9-10 hours. The half-life of urinary metabolites excretion is 14 hours .

The terminal half-lives for various estrogen products post oral or intravenous administration has been reported to range from 1-12 hours. One pharmacokinetic study of oral estradiol valerate administration in postmenopausal women revealed a terminal elimination half-life of 16.9 ± 6.0 h. A pharmacokinetic study of intravenous estradiol administration in postmenopausal women showed an elimination half-life of 27.45 ± 5.65 minutes. The half-life of estradiol appears to vary by route of administration.

Clearance

The metabolic clearance rate from serum (Cl/F) is 64 mL/min .

In one pharmacokinetic study, the clearance of orally administered micronized estradiol in postmenopausal women was 29.9±15.5 mL/min/kg. Another study revealed a clearance of intravenously administered estradiol was 1.3 mL/min/kg.

Elimination Route

The ratio of renal elimination to fecal elimination of dienogest is 3:1, where dienogest is predominantly excreted in the form of inactive metabolites. Most of orally administered drug is excreted in the urine within the first 24 hours of ingestion .

Estradiol is excreted in the urine with both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Use in Pregnancy: There are limited data from the use of Dienogest in pregnant women. Animal studies and data from women exposed to Dienogest during pregnancy reveal no special risks on pregnancy, embryonic/fetal development, birth or development after birth for humans. However, Dienogest should not be administered to pregnant women because there is no need to treat endometriosis during pregnancy.

Use in Lactation: Treatment with Dienogest during lactation is not recommended. Physiochemical properties and animal data indicate excretion of Dienogest in breast milk. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to abstain from Dienogest therapy taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.

Pregnancy Category X. Studies in animals or human beings have demonstrated foetal abnormalities or there is evidence of foetal risk based on human experience or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.

Contraindication

Hypersensitivity to dienogest or to any of the excipients of Dienogest. Dienogest should not be used in the presence of any of the conditions such as, Active venous thromboembolic disorder; arterial and cardiovascular disease, (e.g, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, ischemic heart disease); diabetes mellitus with vascular involvement; presence or history of severe hepatic disease as long as liver function values have not returned to normal; presence or history of liver tumors (benign or malignant); known or suspected sex hormone-dependent malignancies and undiagnosed vaginal bleeding.

Hypersensitivity; undiagnosed vag bleeding; thrombophloebitis or thromboembolic disorders; breast carcinoma except in selected patients being treated for metastatic disease; oestrogen-dependent tumor; porphyria; pregnancy.

Special Warning

Use in Children: Dienogest is not indicated in children prior to menarche. The safety and efficacy of Dienogest in adolescents (menarche to 18 years) has not yet been established.

Use in the Elderly: There is no relevant indication for the use of Dienogest in the geriatric population.

Acute Overdose

Acute toxicity studies performed with Dienogest did not indicate a risk of acute adverse effects in case of inadvertent intake of a multiple of the daily therapeutic dose. There is no specific antidote. Dienogest 20-30 mg/day (10-15 times higher dose than in Dinogest) over 24 weeks of use were very well tolerated.

Storage Condition

Keep in a cool and dry place. Protect from light. Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature.

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