Glycambi

Glycambi Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Empagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor. SGLT2 co-transporters are responsible for reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate in the kidney. The glucuretic effect resulting from SGLT2 inhibition reduces renal absorption and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, resulting in increased glucose excretion. Additionally, it contributes to reduced hyperglycaemia, assists weight loss, and reduces blood pressure.

Empagliflozin lowers blood glucose levels by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of glucose excreted in the urine. It has a relatively long duration of action requiring only once-daily dosing. Patients should be monitored closely for signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis regardless of blood glucose level as empagliflozin may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis in the absence of hyperglycemia. As its mechanism of action is contingent on the renal excretion of glucose, empagliflozin may be held in cases of acute kidney injury and/or discontinued in patients who develop chronic renal disease.

The overexcretion of glucose creates a sugar-rich urogenital environment which increases the risk of urogenital infections - including urosepsis, pyelonephritis, mycotic infections, and even Fournier's gangrene - in both male and female patients - monitor closely for signs and symptoms of developing infection.

Linagliptin is an inhibitor of DPP-4, an enzyme that degrades the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). By inhibiting DPP-4 Linagliptin increases the concentrations of active incretin hormones and stimulates the release of Insulin in a glucose dependent manner and decreases the level of Glucagon in the circulation and thus regulates the glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones are secreted at a low basal level throughout the day and levels rise immediately after meal intake. GLP-1 and GIP increase Insulin biosynthesis and secretion from pancreatic beta-cells in the presence of elevated blood glucose levels. Furthermore, GLP-1 also reduces Glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells, resulting in a reduction in hepatic glucose output.

A 5mg oral dose of linagliptin results in >80% inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) for ≥24 hours. Inhibition of DPP-4 increases the concentration of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leading to decreased glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose.

Glycambi
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
Food Interaction
Half Life
Volume of Distribution
Clearance
Interaction With other Medicine
Contradiction
Storage

Trade Name	Glycambi
Generic	Empagliflozin + Linagliptin
Type
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer
Available Country	Russia
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

Empagliflozin is used for:

As an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease

Linagliptin is used for an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Linagliptin may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other common antidiabetic medications including Metformin, Sulfonylurea, Pioglitazone, or Insulin. As a replacement therapy it is suitable when Metformin therapy is not appropriate due to intolerance or do not provide adequate glycemic control as monotherapy or other antidiabetic drugs are to be discontinued due to renal or hepatic impairment.

Glycambi is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Cardiovascular Mortality, Type 2 Diabetes MellitusType 2 Diabetes Mellitus

How Glycambi works

The vast majority of glucose filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed within the proximal tubule, primarily via SGLT2 (sodium-glucose linked co-transporter-2) which is responsible for ~90% of the total glucose reabsorption within the kidneys. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells utilize ATP to actively pump Na+ ions into the interstitium surrounding the tubule, establishing a Na⁺ gradient within the tubular cell. SGLT2 on the apical membrane of these cells then utilize this gradient to facilitate secondary active co-transport of both Na+ and glucose out of the filtrate, thereby reabsorbing glucose back into the blood – inhibiting this co-transport, then, allows for a marked increase in glucosuria and decrease in blood glucose levels. Empagliflozin is a potent inhibitor of renal SGLT2 transporters located in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and works to lower blood glucose levels via an increase in glucosuria.

Empagliflozin also appears to exert cardiovascular benefits - specifically in the prevention of heart failure - independent of its blood glucose-lowering effects, though the exact mechanism of this benefit is not precisely understood. Several theories have been posited, including the potential inhibition of Na⁺

Linagliptin is a competitive, reversible DPP-4 inhibitor. Inhibition of this enzyme slows the breakdown of GLP-1 and glucose-dependant insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP stimulate the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas while inhibiting release of glucagon from pancreatic beta cells. These effects together reduce the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and increase insulin release in response to glucose.

Dosage

Glycambi dosage

The recommended dose of Empagliflozin is 10 mg once daily, taken in the morning, with or without food. In patients tolerating Empagliflozin, the dose may be increased to 25 mg once daily. In patients with volume depletion, correcting this condition prior to initiation of Empagliflozin is recommended.

The recommended dose of Linagliptin is 5 mg once daily and can be taken with or without food. If added with Metformin, the dose of Metformin should be maintained and Linagliptin administered concomitantly. When used in combination with Sulfonylurea, a lower dose of Sulfonylurea may be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia.

Pediatric patients: Safety and effectiveness of Linagliptin in patients below the age of 18 have not been established.

Renal or hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment required.

Side Effects

The most common adverse reactions associated with Empagliflozin are urinary tract infections and female genital mycotic infections. Others common side effects includes dehydration, hypotension, weakness, dizziness and increased thirstiness.

Treatment with Linagliptin is well tolerated; some of the less common side effects are nasopharyngitis and hypoglycemia.

Toxicity

Experience with empagliflozin overdose is limited - employ standard symptomatic and supportive measures, as well as gastric decontamination when appropriate. The use of hemodialysis in empagliflozin overdose has not been studied but is unlikely to be of benefit given the drug's relatively high protein-binding.

No dosage adjustment is necessary based on race, age, weight, sex, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment.

Studies of efficacy and safety in pediatric populations were not included in the original drug approval but recent clinical trials show linagliptin to be well tolerated in patients 10 to 18 years old.

Animal studies showed an increased risk of lymphoma in female rats at over 200 times the clinical dose. Aside from this effect, linagliptin was not shown to be mutagenic, clastogenic, or have an effect on fertility.

Precaution

Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiation of Empagliflozin and periodically thereafter. Empagliflozin should not initiated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 ml/min/1.73 m2. No dose adjustment is needed in patients with an eGFR greater than or equal to 45 ml/min/1.73 m2.

When used with an Insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or Insulin, consider lowering the dose of the Insulin secretagogue or Insulin to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. If pancreatitis is suspected, Linagliptin should be discontinued. There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with Linagliptin or any other antidiabetic drug.

Interaction

Diuretics: Co-administration of Empagliflozin with diuretics resulted in increased urine volume.

Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues: Co-administration of Empagliflozin with insulin or insulin secretagogues increases the risk for hypoglycemia.

Positive Urine Glucose Test: Monitoring glycemic control with urine glucose tests is not recommended in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors as SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary glucose excretion and will lead to positive urine glucose tests. Use alternative methods to monitor glycemic control.

Interference with 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) Assay: Monitoring glycemic control with 1,5-AG assay is not recommended as measurements of 1,5-AG are unreliable in assessing glycemic control in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors. Use alternative methods to monitor glycemic control.

Linagliptin doesn't interact with Metformin, Glyburide, Simvastatin, Warfarin, Digoxin or oral contraceptives. Linagliptin is a weak competitive and a weak to moderate mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP isozyme CYP3A4, but does not inhibit other CYP isozymes. Again it doesn't act as an inducer of CYP isozymes.

Volume of Distribution

The estimated apparent steady-state volume of distribution is 73.8 L.

A single intravenous dose of 5mg results in a volume of distribution of 1110L. However an intravenous infusion of 0.5-10mg results in a volume of distribution of 380-1540L.

Elimination Route

Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations are reached in approximately 1.5 hours (T_max). At steady-state, plasma AUC and C_max were 1870 nmol·h/L and 259 nmol/L, respectively, following therapy with empagliflozin 10mg daily and 4740 nmol·h/L and 687 nmol/L, respectively, following therapy with empagliflozin 25mg daily. Administration with food does not significantly affect the absorption of empagliflozin.

Oral bioavailability of linagliptin is 30%.

Half Life

The apparent terminal elimination half-life was found to be 12.4 h based on population pharmacokinetic analysis.

The terminal half life of linagliptin is 155 hours.

Clearance

Apparent oral clearance was found to be 10.6 L/h based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Total clearance of linagliptin is 374mL/min.

Elimination Route

After oral administration of radiolabeled empagliflozin approximately 41.2% of the administered dose was found eliminated in feces and 54.4% eliminated in urine. The majority of radioactivity in the feces was due to unchanged parent drug while approximately half of the radioactivity in urine was due to unchanged parent drug.

84.7% of linagliptin is eliminated in the feces and 5.4% is eliminated in the urine.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Empagliflozin in pregnant women. Empagliflozin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known if Empagliflozin is excreted in human milk. It is not recommended when breastfeeding.

Pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Linagliptin tablets should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit of mother justifies the potential risk of the fetus.

Nursing mothers: Caution should be exercised when Linagliptin is administered to a nursing woman.

Contraindication

Empagliflozin is contraindicated in patients with history of serious hypersensitivity reaction to Empagliflozin or any of its ingredients, severe renal impairment, end-stage renal disease, or dialysis.

Linagliptin is contraindicated to patients hypersensitive to Linagliptin or any of the excipients.