Hipermet
Hipermet Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Although the mechanism of action has yet to be conclusively demonstrated, the resultant hypotensive effect is most likely due to the drug's action on the CNS. Hipermet is converted into the metabolite, alpha-methylnorepinephrine, in the CNS, where it stimulates the central inhibitory alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to a reduction in sympathetic tone, total peripheral resistance, and blood pressure. Reduction in plasma renin activity, as well as the inhibition of both central and peripheral norepinephrine and serotonine production may also contribute to the drug's antihypertensive effect, although this is not a major mechanism of action. This is done through the inhibition of the decarboxylation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)- the precursor of norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin (in the CNS) and in most peripheral tissues.
Antihypertensive effects of methyldopa are mostly mediated by its pharmacologically active metabolite, alpha-methylnorepinephrine, which works as an agonist at central inhibitory alpha-adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors leads to decreased peripheral sympathetic tone and reduced arterial pressure. Hipermet causes a net reduction in the tissue concentration of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Overall, methyldopa lowers both standing blood pressure and especially supine blood pressure, with infrequent symptomatic postural hypotension. Hipermet also reduces plasma renin activity but has negligible effects on glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or filtration fraction. It also has no direct effect on cardiac function but in some patients, a slowed heart rate may occur.
Following oral administration, blood-pressure-lowering effects are observed within 12 to 24 hours in most patients, and a maximum reduction in blood pressure occurs in 4 to 6 hours. Blood pressure returns to pre-treatment levels within 24 to 48 hours following drug discontinuation. Following intravenous administration, the blood-pressure-lowering effects of methyldopa last for about 10 to 16 hours.
Trade Name | Hipermet |
Availability | Prescription only |
Generic | Methyldopa |
Methyldopa Other Names | Alpha medopa, alpha-Methyl dopa, Alphamethyldopa, L-alpha-Methyldopa, L-Methyl Dopa, Methyl dopa, Methyldopa, metildopa |
Related Drugs | amlodipine, lisinopril, metoprolol, losartan, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine, nifedipine, captopril, enalapril |
Type | |
Formula | C10H13NO4 |
Weight | Average: 211.2145 Monoisotopic: 211.084457909 |
Protein binding | Methyldopa is less than 15% bound to plasma proteins and its primary metabolite, O-sulfate metabolite, is about 50% protein bound. Following intravenous administration, approximately 17% of the dose in normal subjects were circulating in the plasma as free methyldopa. |
Groups | Approved |
Therapeutic Class | Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs (central sympatholytic) |
Manufacturer | |
Available Country | Argentina |
Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
![Hipermet Hipermet](https://www.medicinesfaq.com/media/png/hipermet.png)
Uses
Hipermet is used for Hypertension
Hipermet is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: High Blood Pressure (Hypertension), Hypertensive crisis
How Hipermet works
The exact mechanism of methyldopa is not fully elucidated; however, the main mechanisms of methyldopa involve its actions on alpha-adrenergic receptor and the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme, to a lesser extent. The sympathetic outflow is regulated by alpha (α)-2 adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors expressed on adrenergic neurons within the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hipermet is metabolized to α‐methylnorepinephrine via dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and, consequently, alpha-methylepinephrine via phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity. Mediating the therapeutic effects of methyldopa, α‐methylnorepinephrine and α-methylepinephrine active metabolites are agonists at presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem. Stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors results in the inhibition of adrenergic neuronal outflow and attenuation of norepinephrine release in the brainstem. Consequently, the output of vasoconstrictor adrenergic signals to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system is reduced, leading to a reduction in blood pressure.
The L-isomer of alpha-methyldopa also reduces blood pressure by inhibiting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, also known as DOPA decarboxylase, which is an enzyme responsible for the syntheses of dopamine and serotonin. Inhibiting this enzyme leads to depletion of biogenic amines such as norepinephrine. However, inhibition of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase plays a minimal role in the blood-pressure‐lowering effect of methyldopa.
Dosage
Hipermet dosage
Adult Use-
Initiation of Therapy: The usual starting dosage of Hipermet is 250 mg two or three times a day in the first 48 hours. The daily dosage then may be increased or decreased, preferably at intervals of not less than two days, until an adequate response is achieved. To minimize the sedation, start dosage increases in the evening. When Hipermet is given to patients on other antihypertensives, the dose of these agents may need to be adjusted to effect a smooth transition. When Hipermet is given with antihypertensives other than thiazides, the initial dosage of Hipermet should be limited to 500 mg daily in divided doses; when Hipermet is added to a thiazide, the dosage of thiazide need not to be changed.
Maintenance Therapy: The usual daily dosage of Hipermet is 500 mg to 2 g in two to four doses. Although occasional patients have responded to higher doses, the maximum recommended daily dosage is 3 gm. Occasionally tolerance may occur, usually between the second and third month of therapy. Adding a diuretic or increasing the dosage of Hipermet frequently will restore effective control of blood pressure. A thiazide may be added at any time during Hipermet therapy and is recommended if therapy has not been started with a thiazide or if effective control of blood pressure cannot be maintained on 2 gm of Hipermet daily. Hipermet is largely excreted by the kidney and patients with impaired renal function may respond to smaller doses. Syncope in older patients may be related to an increased sensitivity and advanced arteriosclerotic vascular disease. This may be avoided by lower doses.
Pediatric Use-
Initial dosage is based on 10 mg/kg of body weight daily in two to four doses. The daily dosage then is increased or decreased until an adequate response is achieved. The maximum dosage is 65 mg/kg or 3 gm daily, whichever is less.
Side Effects
Sedation, usually transient, may occur during the initial period of therapy or whenever the dose is increased. Headache, asthenia, or weakness may be noted as early and transient symptoms. The following systemic side effects may rarely occurs with the use of Hipermet - angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, orthostatic hypotension, edema or weight gain, bradycardia, pancreatitis, colitis, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, constipation, dryness of mouth, hyperprolactinemia, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia; rheumatoid factor, hepatitis, jaundice, myocarditis, pericarditis, vasculitis, eosinophilia, parkinsonism, bell's palsy, nightmares and reversible mild psychoses or depression, dizziness, lightheadedness, paresthesias, arthralgia, myalgia, nasal stuffiness, rash, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, lactation, impotence. However, significant adverse effects due to Hipermet have been infrequent and this agent usually is well tolerated.
Toxicity
The lowest published toxic dose via oral route is 44 gm/kg/3Y (intermittent) in a female. Oral LD50 is 5000 mg/kg in rats and 5300 mg/kg in mice. Intraperitoneal LD50 is 300 mg/kg in rats and 150 mg/kg in mice.
Acute overdosage is characterized by acute hypotension and other presentations attributed to the brain and gastrointestinal dysfunction, such as excessive sedation, weakness, bradycardia, dizziness, light-headedness, constipation, distention, flatus, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Symptomatic and supportive measures should be initiated in the event of methyldopa overdose. Overdosage following recent oral ingestion can be managed by gastric lavage or emesis, as well as infusions to limit further drug absorption. Cardiac rate and output, blood volume, electrolyte balance, paralytic ileus, urinary function and cerebral activity should be closely monitored. The use of sympathomimetic drugs such as levarterenol, epinephrine, and metaraminol bitartrate, or dialysis may be considered.
Precaution
Patient with history of haemolytic anaemia, liver disease or depression; parkinsonism, hepatic porphyria. Not intended for the treatment of phaeochromocytoma. Renal or hepatic impairment. Childn, elderly. Pregnancy and lactation.
Interaction
When Hipermet is used with other antihypertensive drugs, potentiation of antihypertensive effect may occur. Patients may require reduced doses of anesthetics when on Hipermet. When Hipermet and lithium are given concomitantly the patient should be carefully monitored for symptoms of lithium toxicity. Coadministration of Hipermet with ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate is not recommended.
Food Interaction
- Take with or without food. Drug pharmacokinetics is unaffected.
Hipermet multivitamins interaction
[Moderate] ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: The oral bioavailability and pharmacologic effects of methyldopa may be decreased during concurrent administration with iron-containing products.
The proposed mechanism is chelation of methyldopa by the iron cation, forming an insoluble complex that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
In one study, five hypertensive patients receiving chronic methyldopa therapy (250 mg to 1500 mg daily) all had elevated blood pressure following the addition of ferrous sulfate 325 mg three times daily for 2 weeks.
The systolic pressure had increased by more than 15 mmHg in three of the patients and the diastolic pressure increased by more than 10 mmHg in two.
Blood pressure returned to baseline within 7 days of discontinuing the iron.
In 12 normal subjects, administration of methyldopa 500 mg with ferrous sulfate 325 mg or ferrous gluconate 600 mg resulted in an 88% and 79% reduction, respectively, in the renal excretion of unmetabolized, free methyldopa compared to administration of methyldopa alone.
In another study, administration of ferrous sulfate simultaneously with methyldopa reduced the bioavailability of methyldopa by 83%, while administration one hour or two hours before methyldopa reduced its bioavailability by 55% and 42%, respectively.br>
Until more information is available, patients receiving methyldopa in combination with iron-containing products should be advised to separate the times of administration by as much as possible.
Patients should be monitored closely for altered hypertensive effect and methyldopa dosage increased as necessary.
Selection of an alternative antihypertensive therapy may be necessary.
Hipermet Drug Interaction
Moderate: multivitamin, prenatalUnknown: aspirin, aspirin, amoxicillin / clavulanate, diphenhydramine, calcium / vitamin d, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, furosemide, atorvastatin, acetaminophen, montelukast, levothyroxine, acetaminophen, valproic acid, thiamine, cyanocobalamin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, cetirizine
Hipermet Disease Interaction
Major: liver diseaseModerate: cerebrovascular disease, dialysis, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, peripheral edema, pheochromocytomaMinor: psychoses
Volume of Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution ranges between 0.19 and 0.32L/kg and the total volume of distribution ranges from 0.41 to 0.72L/kg. Since methyldopa is lipid-soluble , it crosses the placental barrier, appears in cord blood, and appears in breast milk.
Elimination Route
Hipermet is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. In healthy individuals, the inactive D-isomer is less readily absorbed than the active L-isomer. The mean bioavailability of methyldopa is 25%, ranging from eight to 62%. Following oral administration, about 50% of the dose is absorbed and Tmax is about three to six hours.
Half Life
The plasma half-life of methyldopa is 105 minutes. Following intravenous injection, the plasma half-life of methyldopa ranges from 90 to 127 minutes.
Clearance
The renal clearance is about 130 mL/min in normal subjects and is decreased in patients with renal insufficiency.
Elimination Route
Approximately 70% of absorbed methyldopa is excreted in the urine as unchanged parent drug (24%) and α-methyldopa mono-O-sulfate (64%), with variability.3-O-methyl-α-methyldopa accounted for about 4% of urinary excretion products. Other metabolites like 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone, α-methyldopamine, and 3-O-methyl-α-methyldopamine are also excreted in urine.
Unabsorbed drug is excreted in feces as the unchanged parent compound. After oral doses, excretion is essentially complete in 36 hours.
Due to attenuated excretion in patients with renal failure, accumulation of the drug and its metabolites may occur, possibly leading to more profound and prolonged hypotensive effects in these patients.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Pregnancy Category B. Hipermet appears in breast milk. Therefore, caution should be exercised when Hipermet is given to a nursing woman.
Contraindication
Hipermet is contraindicated in patients with:
- active hepatic disease, such as acute hepatitis and active cirrhosis.
- liver disorders previously associated with Hipermet therapy.
- hypersensitivity to any component of these products.
- On therapy with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
Special Warning
Pediatric Use: There are no well-controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients. Information on dosing in pediatric patients is supported by evidence from published literature regarding the treatment of hypertension in pediatric patients.
Acute Overdose
Acute overdosage may produce acute hypotension with other responses attributable to brain and gastrointestinal malfunction (excessive sedation, weakness, bradycardia, dizziness, lightheadedness, constipation, distention, flatus, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting). In the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive measures should be employed. When ingestion is recent, gastric lavage or emesis may reduce absorption. When ingestion has been earlier, infusions may be helpful to promote urinary excretion.
Innovators Monograph
You find simplified version here Hipermet
Hipermet contains Methyldopa see full prescribing information from innovator Hipermet Monograph, Hipermet MSDS, Hipermet FDA label