JTT Physicians Kit
JTT Physicians Kit Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Ammonia is a naturally-occurring compound with a chemical formula NH3 and structure of trigonal pyramidal geometry. It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, and become NH4, or ammonium ion, when in water. Although ammonia is used as a food additive in the anhydrous form and serves as a starting material in pharmaceutical and commercial products, it is caustic and hazardous when concentrated. Ammonia gas has been used in the clinical setting as a respiratory stimulant to prevent fainting. The radiolabelled form of ammonia, ammonia N 13, is intravenously administered as a radioactive diagnostic agent for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the myocardium to evaluate myocardial perfusion. Ammonia is a natural byproduct of biological and chemical reactions, including decomposition of organic matter, including plants, animals, and animal wastes. It is present in normally present in all tissues constituting a metabolic pool, where it is mostly taken up by glutamic acid and take part in transamination and other reactions, including the synthesis of protein by the Krebs-Hanseleit cycle in the liver . It is proposed that human adults produce about 1000 mmol of ammonia daily, most of which undergoes excretion in the urine.
As a gas, ammonia is a natural byproduct and respiratory stimulant. Its renal metabolism plays a role in whole body acid-base balance.
| Trade Name | JTT Physicians Kit |
| Generic | Triamcinolone acetonide,lidocaine hydrochloride + povidone iodine + ammonia |
| Type | Kit |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | United States |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
- Indicated for use as a smelling salt to treat or prevent fainting.
- (when radiolabelled) Indicated for diagnostic PET imaging of the myocardium under rest or pharmacologic stress conditions to evaluate myocardial perfusion in patients with suspected or existing coronary artery disease .
JTT Physicians Kit is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Skin Irritation, Syncope or fainting sensation
How JTT Physicians Kit works
Renal excretion and metabolism of ammonia is critical in regulation of acid-base balance by generating bicarbonate ions and promoting renal net acid excretion, both under basal conditions and in response to acid-base disturbances . There is evidence that acute ammonia exposure activates NMDA receptor signalling pathways, and high concentrations of ammonia resulting from urea cycle enzyme deficiencies are associated with changes in astrocyte morphology due to glutamine accumulation, changes in the expression of key astrocyte proteins, and increased concentrations of neuroactive L-tryptophan metabolites .
Toxicity
LC50 via inhalation in rat is 7338 ppm/1h . High exposure to ammonia can cause pulmonary edema, which may be life-threatening. Exposure can cause headache, loss of sense of smell, nausea, and vomiting. While mammals has various mechanisms to detoxify and excrete ammonia from the body, death has been reported after an exposure to 10,000 ppm for an unknown duration. Bradycardia was seen at 2,500 ppm, and hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias leading to cardiovascular collapse followed acute exposures to concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm .
Elimination Route
Ammonia can be absorbed via oral or inhalation route. Inhales ammonia is temporarily dissolved in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract, however the majority of the gas is released back into the air via expiration . In healthy male subjects under exposure to 500 ppm ammonia for 10-27 minutes, about 70-80% of total inspired ammonia was expired . In extrahepatic tissues such as the intestine, ammonia is incorporated into nontoxic glutamine and released into blood, where it is transported to the liver for ureagenesis .
Half Life
In normal rat brain, blood-derived ammonia was rapidly converted to glutamine, indicating very short half-life of less than 3 seconds .
Elimination Route
It is mainly excreted through expired air or renal elimination .
Innovators Monograph
You find simplified version here JTT Physicians Kit
