Keena

Uses

Econazole Cream: All fungal skin infections due to dermatophytes, yeasts, moulds and other fungi. These include Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, Candidial napkin rash, and other candidial infection, Ringworm (tinea) infections, Athlete's foot, Paronychia, Pityriasis versicolor and Balanitis.

Econazole-G Cream: Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis or any other fungal infection of vagina.

Econazole VT: Vulvo-vaginal candidiasis or any other fungal infection of vagina.

For the treatment of onychomycosis, local therapy with Econazole cream, combined with an oral antimycotic, is recommended.

Blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, acute meibomianitis, and corneal ulcers caused by susceptible organisms. Otorrhea associated with external otitis, chronic suppurative otitis media or subacute purulent otitis media; or postoperative otorrhea, such as that following fenestration, mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.

Gentamicin cream is used for the topical treatment of the primary and secondary bacterial infections of the skin caused by the organisms sensitive to Gentamicin. Gentamicin may clear infections that have not responded to other topical antibiotics.

Keena is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Allergy Skin, Balanitis candida, Dermatitis, Fungal infectious disorders of the Beard, Fungal skin infection, Herpes Zoster, Intertrigo, Mycotic Eczema, Pityriasis versicolor, Ringworm, Skin candida, Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, Tinea Pedis, Tinea pedis of the interdigital, Vulvovaginal mycotic infection, Cutaneous candidiasis, Cutaneous dermatophyte infectionBacterial Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Peritonitis, Bacterial dacryocystitis, Blepharoconjunctivitis, Central Nervous System Infections, Conjunctivitis allergic, Corneal infection, Dermatitis infected, Ecthyma, Eczematous dermatitis infected, Folliculitis, Furunculosis, Gram-negative enteric bacilli neonatal sepsis, Impetigo contagious, Inflammation, Keratitis bacterial, Keratoconjunctivitis, Meibomianitis, Meningitis, Bacterial, Ocular Inflammation, Pustular Psoriasis (PP), Pustular acne, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Septicemia gram-negative, Skin Infections, Skin Infections, Bacterial, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections, Sycosis barbae, Bacterial blepharitis, Bacterial corneal ulcers, Bacterial dermatoses, Complicated Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections, Complicated Respiratory tract infection bacterial, Corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, Ocular bacterial infections, Severe Endocarditis enterococcal, Severe Infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Severe Staphylococcal infection

How Keena works

Econazole interacts with 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Econazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.

There are 3 key phases of aminoglycoside entry into cells. The first “ionic binding phase” occurs when polycationic aminoglycosides bind electrostatically to negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes including with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids within the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and to teichoic acids and phospholipids within the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. This binding results in displacement of divalent cations and increased membrane permeability, allowing for aminoglycoside entry. The second “energy-dependent phase I” of aminoglycoside entry into the cytoplasm relies on the proton-motive force and allows a limited amount of aminoglycoside access to its primary intracellular target - the bacterial 30S ribosome. This ultimately results in the mistranslation of proteins and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane.[A233320] Finally, in the “energy-dependent phase II” stage, concentration-dependent bacterial killing is observed. Aminoglycoside rapidly accumulates in the cell due to the damaged cytoplasmic membrane, and protein mistranslation and synthesis inhibition is amplified. The necessity of oxygen-dependent active transport explains why aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobic bacteria. Hence, aminoglycosides have both immediate bactericidal effects through membrane disruption and delayed bactericidal effects through impaired protein synthesis; observed experimental data and mathematical modeling support this two-mechanism model. Inhibition of protein synthesis is a key component of aminoglycoside efficacy. Structural and cell biological studies suggest that aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA in helix 44 (h44), near the A site of the 30S ribosomal subunit, altering interactions between h44 and h45. This binding also displaces two important residues, A1492 and A1493, from h44, mimicking normal conformational changes that occur with successful codon-anticodon pairing in the A site.[A232324, A232329] Overall, aminoglycoside binding has several negative effects including inhibition of translation, initiation, elongation, and ribosome recycling. Recent evidence suggests that the latter effect is due to a cryptic second binding site situated in h69 of the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.[A232329, A232339] Also, by stabilizing a conformation that mimics correct codon-anticodon pairing, aminoglycosides promote error-prone translation.[A232344] Mistranslated proteins can incorporate into the cell membrane, inducing the damage discussed above.

Dosage

Keena dosage

Econazole Cream is applied to the affected skin areas once or twice daily, in the morning and/or in the evening and gently rubbed in with the clean finger.

For mycoses of the hands, application is recommended following each washing of the hands. For the treatment of onychomycosis, occlusive dressings are recommended.

Econazole-G Cream is applied with the applicator par vaginally once or twice daily.

Econazole VT is applied with the applicator par vaginally one tablet once or twice daily.

In order to prevent relapse, treatment should be continued for 2 weeks after clinical cure.

Eye: 1-2 drops instilled in affected eye up to 6 times a day or more frequently if required (severe infections may require 1-2 drops every 15-20 minutes initially, reducing the frequency of instillation gradually as the infection is controlled).

Ear: The area should be cleaned and 2-3 drops should be instilled every 3-4 times a day and at night, or more frequently if required.

A small amount of Gentamicin should be applied gently to the affected areas three to four times daily. The area treated may be covered with a gauze dressing if desired. Before applying the medication the affected area should be properly cleaned.

Side Effects

Rarely, transient local mild irritation, itching & redness may occur immediately after application. Econazole has minimal allergic effect. It is well tolerated, even by delicate skin. Local irritations are not likely to occur, except in rare cases, e.g., in eczematous skin areas. In such cases, anti-eczematous treatment is recommended for several days before therapy with Econazole is initiated.

In patients with dermatoses treated with gentamicin, irritation (erythema and pruritus) had been reported in small number of cases. Itching, redness, swelling or other signs of irritation may develop. With the eye/ear drop bacterial and corneal ulcer have developed during treatment with gentamicin. Most frequently reported adverse reactions are ocular burning and irritation upon drug instillation, non specific conjunctivitis, conjunctival epithelial defects, and conjunctival hyperemia.

Gentamicin cream is well tolerated. There has been no evidence of irritation and sensitization after using Gentamicin cream.

Toxicity

Overdosage of econazole in humans has not been reported to date. In mice, rats guinea pigs and dogs, the oral LD 50 values were found to be 462, 668, 272, and > 160 mg/kg, respectively.

As with other aminoglycosides, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are associated with gentamicin. Signs of nephrotoxicity include an increase in plasma creatinine and urea, while signs of ototoxicity include issues with balance, nausea, tinnitus, and hearing loss. It is important to note that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is typically reversible, while ototoxicity is more likely to be permanent. The risk of both toxicities increases with long-term gentamicin therapy. Gentamicin is considered to be more vestibulotoxic than cochleotoxic compared to other aminoglycosides. Unfortunately, gentamicin-related ototoxicity does not correlate with cumulative dosing, peak and trough levels, or dosing schedule. The unpredictability of ototoxicity supports close monitoring of the patient throughout treatment. In cases of toxicity or overdose, the medication should be discontinued immediately; hemodialysis may be initiated to lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

Precaution

Hypersensitivity has rarely been recorded. If something like this occur, administration of the product should be discontinued. The infected area should be kept clean and dry during treatment.

If these occurs or if irritation, sensitization develops, treatment with gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted. Gentamicin ear/eye drops is not for injection. It should never be injected subconjunctivally, nor it should be directly introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye.

Use of topical antibiotics occasionally cause overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi. If this occurs or if irritation, sensitisation or super infection develops, treatment with Gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.

Interaction

Although not studied, based on the chemical similarity of enconazole with other imidazole compounds, a theoretical potential for competitive interaction with compounds metabolized by CYP3A4/2C9 exists. Due to the limited systemic availability after vaginal application (see Pharmacokinetics under Actions), clinically relevant interactions are unlikely to occur, in patients on oral anticoagulants eg, warfarin and acenocoumarol, caution should be exercised and monitoring of the anticoagulant effect should be considered.

None has been reported so far with topical and Eye/Ear drops.

Elimination Route

After topical application to the skin of normal subjects, systemic absorption of econazole nitrate is extremely low. Although most of the applied drug remains on the skin surface, drug concentrations were found in the stratum corneum which, by far, exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for dermatophytes.

Half Life

One study assessing the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults reported a mean half-life of 75 minutes after intravenous administration. The mean half-life associated with intramuscular administration was about 29 minutes longer. Fever and anemia may result in a shorter half-life although dose adjustments are not usually necessary. Severe burns are also associated with a shorter half-life and may result in lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

Clearance

The renal clearance of gentamicin is comparable to individual creatinine clearance.

Elimination Route

Gentamicin is excreted primarily by the kidneys. In patients with normal renal function, 70% or more of an initial gentamicin dose can be recovered in the urine within 24 hours. Excretion of gentamicin is significantly reduced in patients with renal impairment.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

During pregnancy: There is no information of any abnormality or adverse event in neonates while Econazole Cream / VT had been used during pregnancy.

During lactation: As the systemic absorption of Econazole Nitrate cream is extremely low after topical/vaginal use, excretion in breast milk is likely to be negligible. So, it can be used topically/vaginally during lactation if needed.

Consideration should be given the possibility of foetal ototoxicity when gentamicin is applied topically to large denuded areas of skin. For Gentamicin Eye/Ear Drops safety profile in pregnancy is not yet established and should be administered when considered essential.

Contraindication

Hypersensitivity to any component of Econazole.

Gentamicin is contraindicated in individuals with a history of sensitivity reaction to any of its components. Use of topical Gentamicin may occasionally allow overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi.

Acute Overdose

Econazole Cream / VT is intended for topical and vaginal use. If accidental ingestion of large quantities of the product occurs, an appropriate method of gastric emptying may be used if considered desirable.

Storage Condition

To avoid contamination, do not touch the tip of the container to the eye, eyelid or any surface.

Innovators Monograph

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