Kojiglo
Kojiglo Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Allantoin is a substance that is endogenous to the human body and also found as a normal component of human diets . In healthy human volunteers, the mean plasma concentration of allantoin is about 2-3 mg/l. During exercise, the plasma allantoin concentration rapidly increases about two fold and remains elevated . In human muscle, urate is oxidized to allantoin during such exercise . The concentration of allantoin in muscles increases from a resting value of about 5000 ug/kg to about 16000 ug/kg immediately after short-term exhaustive cycling exercise .
More specifically, allantoin is a diureide of glyoxylic acid that is produced from uric acid. It is a major metabolic intermediate in most organisms. Allantoin is found in OTC cosmetic products and other commercial products such as oral hygiene products, in shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions . Allantoin has also demonstrated to ameliorate the wound healing process in some studies .
There is no well controlled and appropriate data that can formally substantiate the pharmacodynamic properties of allantoin . Nevertheless, ongoing studies suggest that allantoin possesses moisturizing and keratolytic effects, as well as abilities to increase the water content of the extracellular matrix and enhance the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, all of which are activities that can promote cell proliferation and facilitate wound healing .
Extracted from the dried leaves of bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and other plants commonly in the Ericaceae family, arbutin is a beta-D-glucopyranoside of Hydroquinone. It is found in foods, over-the-counter drugs, and herbal dietary supplements . Most commonly, it is an active ingredient in skincare and cosmetic products as a skin-lightening agent for the prevention of melanin formation in various skin conditions that involve cutaneous hyperpigmentation or hyperactive melanocyte function . It has also been used as an anti-infective for the urinary system as well as a diuretic . Arbutin is available in both natural and synthetic forms; it can be synthesized from acetobromglucose and Hydroquinone . Arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1) in melanocytes , and the inhibition of melanin synthesis at non-toxic concentrations was observed in vitro. Arbutin was shown to be less cytotoxic to melanocytes in culture compared to Hydroquinone .
At non-toxic concentrations, arbutin inhibited the activity of tyrosinase in cultured human keratinocytes, while having minimal effect on the expression of tyrosinase mRNA or the synthesis of the enzyme . α-Arbutin produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of melanin synthesis of human melanoma cells, HMV-II . No inhibitory effect on HMV-II cell growth was seen at concentrations lower than 1.0 mM. At concentrations of 0.5 mM of arbutin, tyrosinase activity was reduced to 60% of that in non-treated cells . The addition of arbutin blocked and inhibited α-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, brownish guinea pig, and human skin tissue . In a pilot study of healthy male adults exposed to UV B irradiation, topical administration of arbutin inhibited UV-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human keratinocytes . In mouse skin, arbutin counteracted oxidative stress induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate .
Octinoxate is a cinnamate ester and common ingredient in sunscreen and other skin care products to minimize DNA photodamage. It was originally developed in 1950's as an organic UV-B filter that absorbs UV-B rays from sun. It is often combined with nanoparticles or other water-resistant liposomes in formulations to increase the localization at the epidermis and decrease the risk of percutaneous absorption. Its use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations is approved by FDA.
Acts as a photoprotective agent that protects the skin by preventing and minimizing the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays of natural light. The cellular effects of UV irradiation include DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, immunological depression, apoptosis, and transcriptional changes .
| Trade Name | Kojiglo |
| Generic | Kojic Acid Dipalmitate + Octinoxate + Arbutin + Allantoin + Pine Bark Extract |
| Weight | 2%w/w |
| Type | Gel |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | Alkem Laboratories Ltd |
| Available Country | India |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Allantoin is an ingredient used in skin care products to relieve irritation and protect minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Allantoin is commonly applied in a variety of topical vehicles or applications such as cosmetic creams, toothpastes, mouthwashes, shampoos, lipsticks, anti-acne products, and lotions for the purpose of moisturizing skin, enhancing the smoothness of skin, stimulating the healing of wounds, and soothing irritated skin .
Indicated for over-the-counter use for epidermal hyperpigmentation in various skin conditions, such as melasma, freckles, and senile lentigines.
Octinoxate is a sunscreen agent found in sunscreens that absorbs UV rays.
As an active ingredient in sunscreens and lip balms. Used for protection against damaging effects of sun rays.
Kojiglo is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Scarring, Dental cleaning, Skin Lightening, Skin protectionMild Lower Urinary Tract InfectionSunburn
How Kojiglo works
There is no well controlled data that can formally substantiate the method of action . However, ongoing studies suggest that there may exist a histological wound healing profile induced by allantoin in rats that leads to the amelioration and fastening of the reestablishment of normal skin . This facilitation of wound healing is supported by observations that wounds inflicted to rat subjects to which topical allantoin preparations were applied histologically demonstrated increased vasodilation, presence of inflammatory exudates, number of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and increased collagen deposition when compared to rat subjects with wounds that did not receive any allantoin administration .
Arbutin is a hydroquinone glycoside, however the hydroquinone moiety is not solely responsible for the de-pigmentating actions of arbutin . It acts as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase enzyme by acting on the L-tyrosine binding site to suppress melanogenesis and mediate its de-pigmenting actions on human skin . Tyrosinase is an enzyme involved in the regulation of rate-limiting steps during the synthesis of melanin; it regulates the conversion of L-tyrosine into L-dopa, and subsequent conversion of L-dopa to L-dopaquinone . Via inhibition of tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, arbutin attenuates the production of melanin in melanocytes. While most studies suggest that arbutin has negligible effect on the tyrosinase mRNA expression, a study assessing the effect of arbutin on melanocyte differentiation inducement system using ES cells propose that arbutin may also downregulate the expression of tyrosinase in addition to its inhibitory action on the enzyme . The contradictory findings across studies may be due to previous studies using terminally-differentiated melanocytes and melanoma cells .
Absorbs UV-B (predominantly) and UV-A rays while accumulating in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Like any other photoprotective agents, octinoxate prevents the damage to cells and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by reducing the p53 protein expression following UV exposure and also increases the skin's tolerability to UV rays .
Toxicity
No studies on repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity have been submitted. Moreover, studies show that the tumor incidence in allantoin treated animals did not differ largely from that found in untreated controls. As a result, further or additional toxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity tests are not required in view of the endogenous nature of allantoin and the general lack of overall toxicity .
Finally, as allantoin is a normal component of the diet in humans and is a substance of endogenous origin present in the body of humans, it is generally recognized as being a safe substance for humans .
In an acute oral toxicity study, the LD50-value for β-arbutin is 9804 mg/kg bw for the mouse and 8715 mg/kg bw for the rat . Dermal LD50 value in rat and mouse was reported to be greater than 928 mg/kg bw, according to an acute dermal toxicity study . Extremely high doses may cause ringing in the ears, shortness of breath, convulsions, collapse, vomiting and delirium . Nausea and vomiting were seen individuals with sensitive stomachs following oral ingestion of 15 g of dried uva ursi leaves that contain arbutin .
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact, eye contact, ingestion and inhalation. Octinoxate may form reactive singlet oxygen species and induce anti-estrogenic effects . UV-induced molecular breakdown of octinoxate may interfere with cellular processes or induce oxidative damage in human skin . The NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) is 450 mg/kg bw/day for fertility and reproductive performance, for systemic parental and developmental toxicity in Wistar rats .
Volume of Distribution
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Elimination Route
In studies on human subjects, a recovery of 19% and 34% of allantoin in the urine was observed but only in two individuals and only after the administration of massive doses of allantoin . After intravenous administration, recovery in the urine was practically quantitative with doses of 75 to 600 mgm in the human model . After 240 mgm, excretion continued for 72 hours in human subjects and the results were similar in regards to subcutaneous injection .
Arbutin was found to be extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract where it is primarily converted to hydroquinone .
Can be systemically absorbed after skin application, being found in the deeper layers of the stratum corneum as well as urine, plasma, and breast milk . The mean maximum plasma concentration detected after application of 2mg/cm2 sunscreen was 7ng/mL in women and 16ng/mL in men .
Half Life
When studied in cattle, sheep, and horses, the half-life of allantoin is in the range of 1 to 2.5 hours .
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Clearance
Some studies suggest that the average renal clearance of allantoin in normal, healthy human subjects is approximately 123 cc per minute . It is generally agreed upon that exogenously administered allantoin is rapidly excreted .
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Elimination Route
Urinary clearance is the predominant excretion route .
During the first 4 hours following ingestion of a single dose of 210 mg arbutin in healthy volunteers, 224.5 μmol/L hydroquinone glucuronide and 182 μmol/L of hydroquinone sulfate were recovered in the urine .
Can be detected in urine in unchanged form .
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