Liniket

Uses

Treatment of superficial and deep mycoses:

• Infections of the skin, hair and nails by dermatophytes and/or yeasts (dermatomycosis, onychomycosis, perionyxis, pityriasis versicolor, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis etc.) especially when topical treatment is difficult or not very effective, owing to involvement of large skin surfaces or to lesions affecting deeper dermal layers, nails and hairs
• Yeast infection of the mouth (oral thrush, perleche) and the gastrointestinal tract
• Vaginal candidiasis, especially chronic recurrent cases or cases responding poorly to topcial treatment
• Systemic mycotic infections such as systemic candidiasis, paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis etc.

Maintenance treatment to prevent recurrence in systemic mycotic infections and in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Prophylactic treatment to prevent mycotic infection in patients with reduced host defenses, e.g., patients with cancer, organ transplant and burns.

Liniket is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Systemic, Chromomycosis, Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis (CMC), Coccidioidomycosis, Dandruff, Endogenous Cushing's Syndrome, Histoplasmosis, Infections, Fungal, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Tinea Corporis caused by Epidermophyton floccosumin, Tinea Corporis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Tinea Corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Tinea Cruris caused by Epidermophyton floccosumin, Tinea Cruris caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Tinea Cruris caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Tinea Pedis caused by Epidermophyton floccosumin, Tinea Pedis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Tinea Pedis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Vaginal Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Cutaneous candidiasis, Recalcitrant Dermatophytosis, Tinea versicolor caused by Malassezia infection

How Liniket works

Liniket interacts with 14-α-sterol demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. This results in inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased fungal cellular permeability due to reduced amounts of ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane. This metabolic inhibition also results in accumulation of 14α-methyl-3,6-diol, a toxic metabolite. The increase in membrane fluidity is also thought to produce impairment of membrane-bound enzyme systems as components become less closely packed.

Dosage

Liniket dosage

Oral-

Fungal infections:

• Adult: 200 mg once daily; may increase to 400 mg once daily if clinical response is insufficient. Continue treatment until symptoms have cleared and cultures have become negative.
• Child: ≥2 yr 3.3-6.6 mg/kg once daily. Treatment duration: 1-2 wk for candidiasis; at least 4 wk in recalcitrant dermatophyte infections and up to 6 mth for other systemic mycoses.
• Elderly: No dosage adjustment needed.

Topical (Adult)-

Pityriasis versicolor, Skin fungal infections:

• As 2% cream: Apply 1-2 times daily to cover affected and surrounding area until at least a few days after disappearance of symptoms.
• As 2% shampoo: Apply on scalp once daily for up to 5 days. For prophylaxis: As 2% shampoo, use once daily for a max of 3 days before exposure to sunlight.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis:

• As 2% foam: Apply to the affected area bid for 4 wk.
• As 1 or 2% shampoo: Apply on the scalp twice wkly for 2-4 wk. For prophylaxis: As 2% shampoo, use once every 1-2 wk.

Duration of Treatment

• Pityriasis versicolor: 1 to 6 weeks
• Dermatomycoses: 2 to 8 weeks
• Onychomycoses: 1 to 12 months
• Mycoses of hair and scalp: 1 to 2 months
• Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis : 1 to 12 months
• Oral mycoses: 5 to 10 days
• Systemic candidiasis: 1 to 2 months
• Paracoccidioidomycosis,histoplasmosis
• and other systemic mycosis: 1 month to 2 years

Side Effects

Liniket is very well tolerated. Nausea and itching may occasionally occur. In some patients, an idosyncratic liver reaction may occur (incidence 1 : 10,000).

Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include acute liver injury, which may include both hepatocellular and cholestatic injury, accompanied by anorexia, fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. In case of overdose, gastric lavage with activated charcoal may be used if within one hour of ketoconazole ingestion otherwise provide supportive care. If the patient shows signs of adrenal insufficiency, administer 100 mg hydrocortisone once together with saline and glucose infusion and monitor the patient closely. Blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance should be monitored over the next few days.

Precaution

Predisposition to adrenocortical insufficiency. Admin with acidic drink in patients with achlorhydria. Pregnancy and lactation.

Interaction

Reduced absorption with antimuscarinics, antacids, H2-blockers, PPIs and sucralfate. Reduced plasma concentrations with rifampicin, isoniazid, efavirenz, nevirapine, phenytoin. May also reduce concentrations of isoniazid and rifampicin. May reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives. May increase serum levels of CYP3A4 substrates e.g. digoxin, oral anticoagulants, sildenafil, tacrolimus.

Food Interaction

• Avoid alcohol. Drinking alcohol while on ketoconazole treatment may cause liver injury.
• Avoid multivalent ions. They may decrease ketoconazole concentrations.
• Take with food. Food decreases gastrointestinal irritation caused by ketoconazole.

Liniket Alcohol interaction

[Moderate] GENERALLY AVOID:

:

Excessive use of alcohol or products containing alcohol together with ketoconazole or levoketoconazole may potentiate the risk of liver injury.

Serious hepatotoxicity has been reported with levoketoconazole.

Fatal hepatotoxicity or requiring liver transplantation have been reported with the use of oral ketoconazole, of which levoketoconazole is an enantiomer.

Some patients had no obvious risk factors for liver disease.

In addition, excessive use of alcohol or products containing alcohol during ketoconazole or levoketoconazole therapy may result in a disulfiram-like reaction in some patients.

Symptoms of disulfiram-like reaction include flushing, rash, peripheral edema, nausea, and headache.

Excessive consumption of alcohol should generally be avoided during ketoconazole or levoketoconazole therapy.

Patients receiving ketoconazole or levoketoconazole should be instructed to contact their doctor immediately if they experience swelling, skin rash, itching, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark colored urine, light colored stools, and/or yellowing of the skin or eyes, as these may be signs and symptoms of liver damage.

Liniket Drug Interaction

Moderate: polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 3350Unknown: aspirin, aspirin, duloxetine, duloxetine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregabalin, pregabalin, acetaminophen, acetaminophen, cyanocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, cholecalciferol, cetirizine, cetirizine

Liniket Disease Interaction

Major: hepatotoxicityModerate: QT prolongation, achlorhydria, adrenal insufficiency

Volume of Distribution

Liniket has an estimated volume of distribution of 25.41 L or 0.36 L/kg. It distributes widely among the tissues, reaching effective concentrations in the skin, tendons, tears, and saliva. Distribution to vaginal tissue produces concentrations 2.4 times lower than plasma. Penetration into the CNS, bone, and seminal fluid are minimal. Liniket has been found to enter the breast milk and cross the placenta in animal studies.

Elimination Route

Liniket requires an acidic environment to become soluble in water. At pH values above 3 it becomes increasingly insoluble with about 10% entering solution in 1 h. At pH less than 3 dissolution is 85% complete in 5 min and entirely complete within 30 min. A single 200 mg oral dose produces a Cmax of 2.5-3 mcg/mL with a Tmax of 1-4 h. Administering ketoconazole with food consistently increases Cmax and delays Tmax but literature is contradictory regarding the effect on AUC, which may experience a small decrease. A bioavailablity of 76% has been reported for ketoconazole.

Half Life

Liniket experiences biphasic elimination with the first phase having a half-life of 2 hours and a terminal half life of 8 hours.

Clearance

Liniket has an estimated clearance of 8.66 L/h.

Elimination Route

Only 2-4% of the ketoconazole dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Over 95% is eliminated through hepatic metabolism.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Category C: Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

Contraindication

Hypersensitivity; preexisting liver disease. Concurrent use with CYP3A4 substrates e.g. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g. lovastatin, simvastatin), midazolam, triazolam, cisapride, dofetilide, eplerenone, nisoldipine, pimozide, quinidine, terfenadine, astemizole, ergot alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine, dihydroergotamine).

Special Warning

Renal Impairment: Oral: No dosage adjustment needed.

Hepatic Impairment: Oral: Contraindicated.

Storage Condition

Store between 15-25° C. Protect from moisture and light.

Innovators Monograph

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