Maxitrin
Maxitrin Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan considered as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for osteoarthritis (SYSADOA). The SYSADOA status suggested a pain relief and increased joint mobility after a relative long regular administration, as well as a long-lasting effect after the end of the treatment. Chondroitin sulfate is composed of alternating 1,3-N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine and 1,4-β-d-glucuronic acid units which bear 4-O- and/or 6-O-sulfations at the N-acetylgalactosamine units disposed of in specific patterns. Depending on the predominating disaccharide unit, it will present different biological activities. Chondroitin sulfate is sold as an OTC dietary supplement in North America and it is a prescription drug under the EMA in Europe.
In clinical trials, chondroitin sulfate has been reported a significant pain relief. Some reports have shown no slow in joint damage. The effects of chondroitin sulfate have been very controversial. One of the characteristics of chondroitin is a slow onset of action with a maximal effect attained after several months. Chondroitin sulfate has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the synovitis and prevent proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation in arthritis models.
It is also registered an anabolic effect of chondroitin sulfate in which it induces the synthesis of hyaluronate in synovial cells, it increases type II collagen and proteoglycan synthesis.
Vitamin E Capsule is a Vitamin E preparation. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in the body. Vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membrane) and other oxygen-sensitive substances such as vitamin A & vitamin C from oxidation. Vitamin E reacts with free radicals, which is the cause of oxidative damage to cell membranes, without the formation of another free radical in the process. The main pharmacological action of vitamin E in humans is its antioxidant effect.
In premature neonates irritability, edema, thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may be caused due to vitamin E deficiency. Creatinuria, ceroid deposition, muscle weakness, decreased erythrocyte survival or increased in vitro hemolysis by oxidizing agents have been identified in adults and children with low serum tocopherol concentrations.
Vitamin E is a collective term used to describe 8 separate fat soluble antioxidants, most commonly alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitamin E deficiency is seen in persons with abetalipoproteinemia, premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), cystic fibrosis, and cholestasis and severe liver disease. Preliminary research suggests vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease and protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen. Low levels of vitamin E have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer.
| Trade Name | Maxitrin |
| Generic | Glucosamine HCl + Chondroitin Sulfate + Natural Fish oil + MSM + Vitamin E + Soyabean oil |
| Weight | 250mg, 150mg, 82mg, 100mg, 1.86iu, 316.19mg |
| Type | Capsule |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | Dipa Pharmalab |
| Available Country | Indonesia |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Chondroitin sulfate, used with glucosamine, is indicated to alleviate pain and inflammation from primary osteoarthritis. This supplement is reported to improve joint function and slow disease progression. Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive structural and metabolic changes in joint tissues, mainly cartilage degradation, subchondral bone sclerosis and inflammation of synovial membrane.
Studies have proposed the potential use of chondroitin sulfate as a nutraceutical in dietary supplements.
As a dietary supplement:
- Vitamin E deficiency resulting from impaired absorption.
- Increased requirements due to diet rich in polyunsaturated fats.
- For healthy hair & skin
- As an Antioxidant
- Hemolytic anemia due to Vitamin E deficiency
Therapeutic use
: Heavy metal poisoning, Hepatotoxin poisoning, Hemolytic anemia, Oxygen therapy and replacement therapy in nutritional deficiency states for the betterment of skin and hair.
Maxitrin is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Arthritis, Backache, Muscle Strain, Osteoarthritis (OA), Soreness, Muscle, Sprains, Eye lubrication, Joint supplementationVitamin Deficiency, Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, Dietary supplementation
How Maxitrin works
Chondroitin sulfate functions as a major component of the intricate extracellular matrix. It is proposed that chondroitin sulfate supply can provide new building blocks for the synthesis of new matrix components.
The anti-inflammatory effect of chondroitin sulfate is thought to be caused by the inhibition of the synthesis of inflammatory intermediates such as the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, microsomal prostaglandin synthase 1 and prostaglandin E2. It is reported also an inhibitory activity in the toll-like receptor 4 which will later inhibit inflammatory cytokines, NFkB and MyD88. This activity suggests a modulation of the MAP kinase pathway. On the other hand, some reports have pointed out an induction on the PKC/PI3K/Akt pathway in neuroblastoma.
The anabolic effect of chondroitin sulfate is suggested to be caused by the inhibition of metalloproteinases such as MMP-1, -3 and -13 as well as ADAMTS-4 and -5.
The mechanism of action for most of vitamin E's effects are still unknown. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, preventing free radical reactions with cell membranes. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity.
One mechanism of vitamin E's antioxidant effect is in the termination of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a relatively stable vitamin E radical. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione.
Dosage
Maxitrin dosage
Betterment of Cardiovascular health: 400 mg - 800 mg / day
Deficiency syndrome in adults: 200 mg - 400 mg / day
Deficiency syndrome in children: 200 mg / day
Thalassemia: 800 mg / day
Sickle-cell anemia: 400 mg / day
Betterment of Skin & Hair: 200 mg - 400 mg / day (Topical use is also established for beautification)
Chronic cold in adults: 200 mg / day
Side Effects
Overdoses (>1g) have been associated with minor side effects, including hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea and myopathy
Toxicity
Chondroitin sulfate does not present a carcinogenic potential. On tolerability assays, it has been shown to present great safety and good tolerability without significant severe side effects.
There is no data available for effects in pregnancy, breast feeding, hepatic impairment, or renal impairment. However, it appears that the process of vitamin E elimination is strict and self regulating enough that vitamin E toxicity is exceedingly rare. Studies showing adverse effects from excess vitamin E generally involve people consuming more than 1000mg/day for weeks to months.
Precaution
Vitamin E may enhance the anticoagulant activity of anticoagulant drugs. Caution is advised in premature infants with high dose Vitamin E supplementation, because of reported risk of necrotizing enterocilitis.
Interaction
Vitamin E may impair the absorption of Vitamin A. Vitamin K functions impairement happens at the level of prothrombin formation and potentiates the effect of Warfarin.
Volume of Distribution
After intramuscular administration of chondroitin sulfate, the apparent volume of distribution was 0.40 ml/g. When administered orally, the apparent volume of distribution changed to 0.44ml/g.
0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
Elimination Route
Chondroitin sulfate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The absorbed portion reaches a ratio of 10% as unchanged chondroitin sulfate and 90% as depolymerized low-molecular-weight derivatives. This absorption depends on the sulfation status. The bioavailability of chondroitin sulfate ranges from 10-20% following oral administration. Reports have shown a consistent accumulation of the compound in joint tissue. The steady-state is attained after 3-4 days and it takes around 3-6 months to obtain the maximal effect.
After intramuscular administration of chondroitin sulfate, the peak plasma level of 3.8 mcg/ml was reached after 90 min. When given orally, the peak plasma concentration of 4.6 mcg/ml was reached after 240 min.
10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate.
In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol.
Half Life
The approximate half-life of chondroitin sulfate and its derivative metabolites is 15 hours. After intramuscular administration of chondroitin sulfate in humans, the elimination half-life of the chondroitin sulfate was of 275 min. When administered orally, the elimination half-life was presented at 310 min.
44 hours in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection. 12 minutes in intravenous injection of intestinal lymph.
Clearance
6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.
Elimination Route
Chondroitin sulfate is excreted in the urine as intact polymers and as partial degradation products. After intramuscular administration, about 37% of the administered dose is excreted by urine during the first 24 hours as high- and low-molecular-weight derivatives.
Alpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form .
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Use in pregnancy: Vitamin E may be used in pregnancy in the normally recommended dose but the safety of high dose therapy has not been established.
Use in lactation: There appears to be no contraindication to breast feeding by mothers taking the normally recommended dose.
Contraindication
No known contraindications found.
Special Warning
Use in Children: Vitamin E is safe for children
Acute Overdose
Large doses of vitamin E (more than 1 gm/day) have been reported to increase bleeding tendency in vitamin K deficient patients such as those taking oral anticoagulants.
Storage Condition
Store at a cool and dry place, Protect from light and moisture.
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