Minolad

Minolad Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Calcium glycerophosphate is a Calcium salt of glycerophosphoric acid that forms a white, fine, slightly hygroscopic powder. The commercial product is a mixture of calcium beta-, and D-, and L -alpha-glycerophosphate. By FDA, calcium glycerophosphate is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient as a nutrient supplement (source of calcium or phosphorus), or in food products such as gelatins, puddings, and fillings. It is also present in dental or oral hygiene products due to its cariostatic effects. It is suggested that calcium glycerophosphate promotes plaque-pH buffering, elevation of plaque Calcium and phosphate levels and direct interaction with dental mineral .

It is thought that calcium glycerophosphate may act through a variety of mechanisms to produce an anti-caries effect . These include increasing acid-resistance of the enamel, increasing enamel mineralization, modifying plaque, acting as a pH-buffer in plaque, and elevating Calcium and phosphate levels.

When used as an electrolyte replacement, calcium glycerophosphate donates Calcium and inorganic phosphate. Calcium glycerophosphate is preferable to calcium phosphate due to its increased solubility. Compared to combination calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate produces greater phosphate retention which allows for increased Calcium retention and ultimately greater incorporation of the ions into bone structure .

Copper is a transition metal and a trace element in the body. It is important to the function of many enzymes including cytochrome c oxidase, monoamine oxidase and superoxide dismutase . Copper is commonly used in contraceptive intrauterine devices (IUD) .

Copper is incorporated into many enzymes throughout the body as an essential part of their function . Copper ions are known to reduce fertility when released from copper-containing IUDs .

Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. This amino acid is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG. Lysine is a base, as are arginine and histidine. The ε-amino group acts as a site for hydrogen binding and a general base in catalysis. Common posttranslational modifications include methylation of the ε-amino group, giving methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyllysine. The latter occurs in calmodulin. Other posttranslational modifications include acetylation. Collagen contains hydroxylysine which is derived from lysine by lysyl hydroxylase. O-Glycosylation of lysine residues in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus is used to mark certain proteins for secretion from the cell.

Insures the adequate absorption of calcium; helps form collagen ( which makes up bone cartilage & connective tissues); aids in the production of antibodies, hormones & enzymes. Recent studies have shown that Lysine may be effective against herpes by improving the balance of nutrients that reduce viral growth. A deficiency may result in tiredness, inability to concentrate, irritability, bloodshot eyes, retarded growth, hair loss, anemia & reproductive problems.

Manganese is a transition metal with a molar mass of 54.94g/mol. Manganese is considered critical for human health, and plays important roles in development, metabolism, and the antioxidant system. That said, excessive manganese intake is associated with manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and parkinsonian-like symptoms.

A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals.

L-Methionine is a principle supplier of sulfur which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin; reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys; a natural chelating agent for heavy metals; regulates the formation of ammonia and creates ammonia-free urine which reduces bladder irritation; influences hair follicles and promotes hair growth. L-methionine may protect against the toxic effects of hepatotoxins, such as acetaminophen. Methionine may have antioxidant activity.

Sodium glycerophosphate is one of several glycerophosphate salts. It is used clinically to treat or prevent low phosphate levels . Glycerophosphate is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphate and glycerol in the body . The extent of this reaction is dependent on the activity of serum alkaline phosphatases.

Glycerophosphate acts as a source of inorganic phosphate through hydrolysis .

Minolad
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
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Trade Name	Minolad
Generic	Calciferol + Calcium Glycerophosphate + Choline Chloride + Copper + Iron Salts + Lysine + Manganese + Methionine + Retinol (Vitamin A) + Sodium Glycerophosphate
Weight	400iu/4ml, 20mg/4ml, 1mg/4ml, 0.2mg/4ml, 40mg/4ml, 45mg/4ml, 4mg/4ml, 2800iu/4ml
Type	Syrup
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer	Spencer Pharma
Available Country	Pakistan
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

Calcium glycerophosphate is an medication used to treat low levels of phosphate or calcium, as well as an ingredient in dental products to prevent dental caries.

Calcium glycerophosphate is found in OTC dental products such as toothpastes for the prevention of dental caries. As OTC products these do not have an official indication.

In prescription products it is indicated as a Calcium or phosphate donor for replacement or supplementation in patients with insufficient Calcium or phosphate.

Copper is a transition metal found in a variety of supplements and vitamins, including intravenous solutions for total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

For use in the supplementation of total parenteral nutrition and in contraception with intrauterine devices .

Lysine is an amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition.

Supplemental lysine has putative anti-herpes simplex virus activity. There is preliminary research suggesting that it may have some anti-osteoporotic activity.

Manganese is a transition metal used for supplementation of manganese during Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).

Indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Administration helps to maintain plasma levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.

Methionine is an amino acid commonly found as a component in total parenteral nutrition.

Used for protein synthesis including the formation of SAMe, L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, taurine, and sulfate.

Sodium glycerophosphate is a medication used to treat hypophosphatemia.

Sodium glycerophosphate is indicated for use as a source of phosphate in total parenteral nutrition . It is used in combination with amino acids, dextrose, lipid emulsions, and other electrolytes.

Minolad is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Emergency Contraception, IUD, Trace Element Deficiency, Dietary supplementationWeight Loss, Weight Gain, Amino acid supplementationMineral supplementation, Total parenteral nutrition therapy, Vitamin supplementation, Dietary supplementationHepatic Encephalopathy (HE), Amino acid supplementationTotal parenteral nutrition therapy

How Minolad works

Calcium glycerophosphate in combination with sodium monofluorophosphate was found to reduce the acid solubility of enamel. This is thought to be due to increased uptake of fluoride in a non-alkali soluble form at the expense of a fraction remaining in the alkali-soluble form of calcium fluoride . It is also thought that calcium glycerophosphate enhances the remineralization effect of sodium monofluorophosphate leading to greater remineralization of enamel but the mechanism behind this is unknown.

Calcium glycerophosphate reduces the decrease in plaque pH produced by sucrose solutions . This may be due to the buffering action of donated phosphate which acts as an acceptor to three hydrogen ions to form biphosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, and finally phosphoric acid. As bisphosphate and dihydrogen phosphate are amphoteric, these molecules can act as buffers against both acids and bases.

Studies on plaque-modification by calcium glycerophosphate have been inconsistent . Redections in plaque weight and plaque area have been noted in separate studies but neither has been confirmed and no causative link has been established in regards to calcium glycerophosphate's anti-caries effect.

Calcium glycerophosphate donates Calcium and inorganic phosphate resulting in elevated levels of the ions in plaque . These ions are important components of the mineral structure of teeth. As such, their presence supports maintenance of healthy tooth structure and mineralization.

In electrolyte replacement calcium glycerophosphate again acts as a donor of Calcium and phosphate. See Calcium Phosphate for pharmacological descriptions of calcium and phosphate.

Copper is absorbed from the gut via high affinity copper uptake protein and likely through low affinity copper uptake protein and natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-2 . It is believed that copper is reduced to the Cu1+ form prior to transport. Once inside the enterocyte, it is bound to copper transport protein ATOX1 which shuttles the ion to copper transporting ATPase-1 on the golgi membrane which take up copper into the golgi apparatus. Once copper has been secreted by enterocytes into the systemic circulation it remain largely bound by ceruloplasmin (65-90%), albumin (18%), and alpha 2-macroglobulin (12%).

Copper is an essential element in the body and is incorporated into many oxidase enzymes as a cofactor . It is also a component of zinc/copper super oxide dismutase, giving it an anti-oxidant role. Copper defiency occurs in Occipital Horn Syndrome and Menke's disease both of which are associated with impaired development of connective tissue due to the lack of copper to act as a cofactor in protein-lysine-6-oxidase. Menke's disease is also associated with progressive neurological impairment leading to death in infancy. The precise mechanisms of the effects of copper deficiency are vague due to the wide range of enzymes which use the ion as a cofactor.

Copper appears to reduce the viabilty and motility of spermatozoa . This reduces the likelihood of fertilization with a copper IUD, producing copper's contraceptive effect . The exact mechanism of copper's effect on sperm are unknown.

Proteins of the herpes simplex virus are rich in L-arginine, and tissue culture studies indicate an enhancing effect on viral replication when the amino acid ratio of L-arginine to lysine is high in the tissue culture media. When the ratio of L-lysine to L-arginine is high, viral replication and the cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus have been found to be inhibited. L-lysine may facilitate the absorption of calcium from the small intestine.

The mechanism of the possible anti-hepatotoxic activity of L-methionine is not entirely clear. It is thought that metabolism of high doses of acetaminophen in the liver lead to decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and increased oxidative stress. L-methionine is a precursor to L-cysteine. L-cysteine itself may have antioxidant activity. L-cysteine is also a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione. Antioxidant activity of L-methionine and metabolites of L-methionine appear to account for its possible anti-hepatotoxic activity. Recent research suggests that methionine itself has free-radical scavenging activity by virtue of its sulfur, as well as its chelating ability.

Sodium glycerophosphate acts as a donor of inorganic phosphate . See Monopotassium phosphate for a description of phosphate's role in the body.

Toxicity

Copper toxicity is belevied to be due to fenton-type redox reactions occuring with high copper concentrations which produce damaging reactive oxygen species .

Doses of L-methionine of up to 250 mg daily are generally well tolerated. Higher doses may cause nausea, vomiting and headache. Healthy adults taking 8 grams of L-methionine daily for four days were found to have reduced serum folate levels and leucocytosis. Healthy adults taking 13.9 grams of L-methionine daily for five days were found to have changes in serum pH and potassium and increased urinary calcium excretion. Schizophrenic patients given 10 to 20 grams of L-methionine daily for two weeks developed functional psychoses. Single doses of 8 grams precipitated encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis.