Muconal

Uses

Amoxicillin is used for the treatment of the following bacterial infections when caused by susceptible organisms:

• Respiratory tract, ENT infections: Acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis & laryngitis, lobar & bronchopneumonia, chronic bronchial sepsis.
• Urinary tract infections: Pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis.
• Obstetric & gynaecological infections: Bacteriuria in pregnancy, septic abortion, intra-abdominal sepsis and puerperal sepsis.
• Gastro-intestinal infections: Typhoid and paratyphoid.
• Skin & soft tissue infections: Cellulitis, infected wounds and abscesses.
• Generalized infections: Septicemia, bacterial endocarditis, meningitis, peritonitis and osteomyelitis.
• Venereal infections: Gonorrhea and syphilis. Amoxicillin may also be used as prophylactic cover for patients at risk of developing endocarditis when undergoing dental surgery.

Carbocisteine is used for- Acute bronchitis, Chronic bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, Upper respiratory tract inflammation (pharyngitis, laryngitis), Cystic fibrosis Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Drainage in chronic sinusitis and pneumonia, Drainage in otitis media in children.

Muconal is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS), Acute Otitis Media, Acute Otitis Media (AOM), Bacterial Infections, Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Duodenal ulcer caused by helicobacter pylori, Genitourinary infections, Helicobacter Pylori Infection, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI), Peptic Ulcer With H. Pylori Infection, Sinusitis, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections, Urinary Tract Infection, Acute, uncomplicated Gonorrhea, Ear, nose, and throat infectionsCough, Respiratory Illness, Excess mucus or phlegm, Airway secretion clearance therapy

How Muconal works

Amoxicillin competitively inhibits penicillin-binding protein 1 and other high molecular weight penicillin binding proteins. Penicillin bind proteins are responsible for glycosyltransferase and transpeptidase reactions that lead to cross-linking of D-alanine and D-aspartic acid in bacterial cell walls. Without the action of penicillin binding proteins, bacteria upregulate autolytic enzymes and are unable to build and repair the cell wall, leading to bacteriocidal action.

The hypersecretion of mucus characterizes serious respiratory conditions including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It blocks bacterial adherence to cells, preventing pulmonary infections. Glycoproteins (fucomucins, sialomucins and sulfomucins) regulate the viscoelastic properties of bronchial mucus. Increased fucomucins can be found in the mucus of patients with COPD. Carbocisteine serves to restore equilibrium between sialomucins and fucomucins, likely by intracellular stimulation of sialyl transferase enzyme, thus reducing mucus viscosity.

A study found that L-carbocisteine can inhibit damage to cells by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by activating protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, suggesting that carbocisteine may have antioxidant effects and prevent apoptosis of lung cells. There is some evidence that carbocisteine suppresses NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAPK signalling pathways, reducing TNF-alpha induced inflammation in the lungs, as well as other inflammatory pathways. An in-vitro study found that L-carbocisteine reduces intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), inhibiting rhinovirus 14 infection, thereby reducing airway inflammation.

Dosage

Muconal dosage

Ear/Nose/ThroatInfection (Mild to Moderate):

• Adult:500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children:25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Ear/Nose/ThroatInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Lower respiratory tractInfection (Mild/ Moderate/Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Skin/skin structureInfection (Mild/Moderate):

• Adult: 500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Skin/skin structureInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Genitourinary tractInfection (Mild/ Moderate):

• Adult: 500 mg every 12 hours or 250 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 25 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Genitourinary tractInfection (Severe):

• Adult: 875 mg every 12 hours or 500 mg every 8 hours
• Children: 45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours or 40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours

Gonorrhea, Acute, uncomplicated ano-genital, and urethral infections in males and females:

• Adult: 3 g as single oral dose
• Prepubertal children: 50 mg/Kg/Amoxycillin, combined with 25 mg/kg Probenecid as a single dose. Since Probenecid is contraindicated in children under 2 years, do not use this regimen in these cases.

Adult: Initially, 2.25 g daily in divided doses, then 1.5 g daily in divided doses as condition improves.

Child: 2-5 year: 62.5-125 mg 4 times daily; 6-12 year 250 mg tid.

Should be taken with food.

Suspension: Shake the bottle well before adding water. Then add 12 tea spoonful (60 ml) of boiled and cooled water to the bottle and shake well to make 100 ml suspension.

Amoxycillin 500 mg Injection:

• Intramuscular : Add 2.5 ml water for injection to Amoxycillin 500 mg injection vial.
• Intravenous : Dissolve Amoxycillin 500 mg injection in 10 ml water for injection.

Side Effects

Side effects are mild, rare and infrequent. As with other penicillins, it may induce diarrhea, indigestion or skin rashes that usually stop during treatment and rarely calls for discontinuation of therapy.

Gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding, palpitation, dizziness, headache, heartburn and skin rash may occur.

Toxicity

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with hematuria, oliguria, abdominal pain, acute renal failure, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hyperactivity, and drowsiness. Treat overdose with symptomatic and supportive treatment, which may include emesis or hemodialysis.

The oral LD50 of carbocisteine in rats is >15000 mg/kg. An overdose with carbocisteine is likely to result in gastrointestinal discomfort with nausea and vomiting.

Precaution

In renal impairment, the excretion of antibiotic will be delayed and depending on the degree of impairment it may be necessary to reduce the total daily dose.

No specific precaution is recommended but Carbocisteine should be used with caution in patients with a recent history of peptic ulcer and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.

Interaction

The simultaneous use of Amoxicillin and an oral contraceptive might cause breakthrough bleeding or pregnancy on rare occasions. Concurrent administration of probenecid delays the excretion of Amoxicillin.

Neither hazardous nor therapeutically useful interactions have been reported.

Volume of Distribution

The central volume of distribution of amoxicillin is 27.7L.

Carbocisteine penetrates well into the lung and bronchial secretions.

Elimination Route

Amoxicillin is approximately 60% bioavailable. A 250mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a C_max 3.93±1.13mg/L with a T_max 1.31±0.33h and an AUC of 27.29±4.72mg*h/L. A 875mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a C_max 11.21±3.42mg/L with a T_max 1.52±0.40h and an AUC of 55.04±12.68mg*h/L.

Carbocisteine is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally with peak serum concentrations achieved within 1 to 1.7 hours.

Half Life

The half life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes.

The plasma half-life of carbicostine is 1.33 hours.

Clearance

The mean clearance of amoxicillin is 21.3L/h.

Clearance information for carbocisteine is not readily available in the literature.

Elimination Route

125mg to 1g doses of amoxicillin are 70-78% eliminated in the urine after 6 hours.

About 30% to 60% of an orally administered dose is detected unchanged in the urine.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Because of its lack of teratogenicity, Amoxicillin can beused safely throughout pregnancy at the normal adult dose. The small amount of Amoxicillin secreted in maternal milk rarely causes problem in the infant. It can therefore be used safely during lactation in most instances.

There is no information on the use of Carbocisteine during lactation. While there are no reports of teratogenic effects, the manufacturers do not recommend the use of Carbocisteine in the first trimester.

Contraindication

Amoxicillin is contraindicated for patients hypersensitive to penicillin, infectious mononucleosis, neonatal period or babies born of mothers hypersensitive to penicillin

Contraindicated in active peptic ulceration and in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug.

Acute Overdose

If encountered, gastro-intestinal symptoms and disturbance of the fluid and electrolyte balance may be evident. They may be treated symptomatically and supportive with attention to the water/ electrolyte balance. In the absence of an adequate fluid intake and urinary output, crystalluria is a possibility and the antibiotic may be removed from the circulation by haemodialysis. Oral administration can cause gastro intestinal symptoms such as transient diarrhoea, nausea and colic which are dose related and a result of local irritation not toxicity.

Symptoms: GI disturbance.

Management: May perform gastric lavage, followed by observation.

Storage Condition

Store in a cool & dry place protected from light. Amoxicillin suspension and drops should be freshly prepared, stored in a cool dry place preferably in a refrigerator. Reconstituted suspension and drops should be used within 5 days if kept at room temperature or within 7 days if kept in a refrigerator.

Store in a cool and dry place protected from light.

Innovators Monograph

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