Myophage D

Uses

Melatonin is used for numerous conditions but is showing the most promise in short-term regulation of sleep patterns, including jet lag.

Insomnia: Melatonin helps to induce sleep in people with-

• Disrupted circadian rhythms (such as those suffering from jet lag or poor vision or those who work the night shift)
• Low melatonin levels (such as some elderly and individuals with schizophrenia)
• Children with learning disabilities who suffer from insomnia.

Osteoporosis: Melatonin stimulates cells called osteoblasts that promote bone growth.

In Menopause:

Melatonin helps peri- or postmenopausal women to regulate sleep patterns.

Eating disorders: Melatonin levels may play a role in the symptoms of anorexia.

Sarcoidosis:

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs in the body, but mostly the lungs and lymph glands.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): It may be effective in managing sleep disturbances in children with this condition

Myophage D is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Insomnia

How Myophage D works

Melatonin is a derivative of tryptophan. It binds to melatonin receptor type 1A, which then acts on adenylate cylcase and the inhibition of a cAMP signal transduction pathway. Melatonin not only inhibits adenylate cyclase, but it also activates phosphilpase C. This potentiates the release of arachidonate. By binding to melatonin receptors 1 and 2, the downstream signallling cascades have various effects in the body. The melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and are expressed in various tissues of the body. There are two subtypes of the receptor in humans, melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2). Melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists, on market or in clinical trials, all bind to and activate both receptor types.The binding of the agonists to the receptors has been investigated for over two decades or since 1986. It is somewhat known, but still not fully understood. When melatonin receptor agonists bind to and activate their receptors it causes numerous physiological processes. MT1 receptors are expressed in many regions of the central nervous system (CNS): suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SNC), hippocampus, substantia nigra, cerebellum, central dopaminergic pathways, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. MT1 is also expressed in the retina, ovary, testis, mammary gland, coronary circulation and aorta, gallbladder, liver, kidney, skin and the immune system. MT2 receptors are expressed mainly in the CNS, also in the lung, cardiac, coronary and aortic tissue, myometrium and granulosa cells, immune cells, duodenum and adipocytes. The binding of melatonin to melatonin receptors activates a few signaling pathways. MT1 receptor activation inhibits the adenylyl cyclase and its inhibition causes a rippling effect of non activation; starting with decreasing formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and then progressing to less protein kinase A (PKA) activity, which in turn hinders the phosphorilation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB binding protein) into P-CREB. MT1 receptors also activate phospholipase C (PLC), affect ion channels and regulate ion flux inside the cell. The binding of melatonin to MT2 receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase which decreases the formation of cAMP.[4] As well it hinders guanylyl cyclase and therefore the forming of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Binding to MT2 receptors probably affects PLC which increases protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Activation of the receptor can lead to ion flux inside the cell.

Dosage

Myophage D dosage

Adult-

Insomnia: 3-6 mg one hour before bedtime

Jet lag: 0.50 to 5 mg one hour prior to bedtime at final destination or, 1 to 5 mg 1 hour before bedtime for 2 days prior to departure and for 2 to 3 days upon arrival at final destination.

• Eastbound travel: Take a preflight early evening treatment followed by treatment at bedtime for 4 days after arrival.
• Westbound travel: Take for 4 days at bedtime when in the new time zone.

Sarcoidosis:

20 mg per day for 4 to 12 months.

Depression: 0.125 mg twice in the late afternoon, each dose 4 hours apart.

Difficulty falling asleep: 5 mg 3 to 4 hours before an imposed sleep period over a 4-weeks period.

Children-

6 months to 14 years of age with sleep disorders: 0.30 mg/day

Side Effects

Increased seizure activity; drowsiness, headache. Disruption of normal circadian rhythm. May worsen symptoms for individuals with depression.

Toxicity

Generally well-tolerated when taken orally. The most common side effects, day-time drowsiness, headache and dizziness, appear to occur at the same frequency as with placebo. Other reported side effects include transient depressive symptoms, mild tremor, mild anxiety, abdominal cramps, irritability, reduced alertness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. Safety in Adults: Evidence indicates that it is likely safe to use in oral and parenteral forms for up to two months when used appropriately. Some evidence indicates that it can be safely used orally for up to 9 months in some patients. It is also likely safe to use topically when used appropriately. Safety in Children: Melatonin appeared to be used safely in small numbers of children enrolled in short-term clinical trials. However, concerns regarding safety in children have arisen based on their developmental state. Compared to adults over 20 years of age, people under 20 produce high levels of melatonin. Melatonin levels are inversely related to gonadal development and it is thought that exogenous administration of melatonin may adversely affect gonadal development. Safety during Pregnancy: High doses of melatonin administered orally or parenterally may inhibit ovulation. Not advised for use in individuals who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Safety during Lactation: Not recommended as safety has not be established.

Oral, rat: LD₅₀ ≥3200 mg/kg

Precaution

Caffeine and fluvoxamine may increase the effects of melatonin, while melatonin may decrease the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine.

Interaction

Antidepressant Medications: Melatonin reduces the antidepressant effects of desipramine and fluoxetine. In addition, fluoxetine leads to measurable depletion of melatonin in people.

Antipsychotic Medications: People with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia taking antipsychotic medications with melatonin has significantly reduced mouth movements compared to those who did not take the supplements.

Benzodiazepines: The combination of melatonin and triazolam improves sleep quality. In addition, there have been a few reports suggesting that melatonin supplements may help individuals stop using long-term benzodiazepine therapy.

Blood Pressure Medications: Melatonin may reduce the effectiveness of blood pressure medications like methoxamine and clonidine. In addition, calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, amlodipine, nimodipine, felodipine, nisoldipine, and bepridil) may decrease melatonin levels. Use of beta-blockers (propranolol, acebutolol, atenolol, labetolol, metoprolol, pindolol, nadolol, sotalol, and timolol) may reduce melatonin production in the body.

Blood-Thinning Medications, Anticoagulants: Melatonin may increase the risk of bleeding from anticoagulant medications such as warfarin.

Interleukin 2: In one study of 80 cancer patients, use of melatonin in conjunction with interleukin-2 led to more tumor regression and better survival rates than treatment with interleukin-2 alone.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs such as ibuprofen may reduce the levels of melatonin in the blood.

Steroids and Immunosuppressant Medications: People should not take melatonin with corticosteroids or other medications used to suppress the immune system because the supplement may cause them to be ineffective.

Tamoxifen: Preliminary research suggests that the combination of tamoxifen (a chemotherapy drug) and melatonin may benefit certain patients with breast and other cancers.

Other Substances: Caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol can all diminish levels of melatonin in the body while cocaine and amphetamines may increase melatonin production.

Elimination Route

The absorption and bioavailability of melatonin varies widely.

Half Life

35 to 50 minutes

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is not available.

Contraindication

Melatonin should not be used by patients who have autoimmune diseases.

Acute Overdose

There is little or no evidence of any major toxicities with melatonin, even at high doses.

Storage Condition

Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light & moisture.

Innovators Monograph

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