nylidrin

nylidrin Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

nylidrin, also known as buphenine belongs to the category of drugs called vasodilators, which relax blood vessels and increase blood flow. nylidrin is a peripheral vasodilator. Some studies show the evidence of improving cognitive impairment in selected individuals, such as geriatric patients with mild to moderate symptoms of cognitive, emotional and physical impairment .

nylidrin is utilized to treat several disorders that may benefit from increased blood flow (for example, certain mental disorders, blood vessel disease due to diabetes, frostbite, night leg cramps, and certain types of ulcers). This medication works by dilating (widening) blood vessels to help increase blood flow (improving circulation) throughout the body, including the extremities and central nervous system. This effect may help to improve memory/judgment, improve walking ability, and support the healing of frostbite/ulcers .

FDA has considered nylidrin as "lacking substantial evidence of effectiveness" in cerebral ischemia, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and other cerebral circulatory insufficiencies. Therefore, the FDA has withdrawn nylidrin from the U.S. market .

nylidrin
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
Food Interaction
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Trade Name	nylidrin
Generic	Nylidrin
Nylidrin Other Names	Bufenina, Buphenin, Buphenine, Bupheninum
Type
Formula	C₁₉H₂₅NO₂
Weight	Average: 299.414 Monoisotopic: 299.188529049
Groups	Approved
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer
Available Country
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

nylidrin is a vasodilator used to treat patients with peripheral vascular disorders, and elderly patients with symptoms associated with organic mental disorders.

nylidrin is mainly indicated in conditions like arteriosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud's disease, thrombo-angitis obliterans, and thrombophlebitis . It may sometimes be used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders in addition premature labor (however, the drug is not approved for premature labor).

How nylidrin works

This drug is classified as a beta receptor agonist .The β2-adrenergic receptor belongs to the widely expressed 7-transmembrane receptors superfamily, which signals through heterotrimeric G-proteins. They are frequently referred to as G-protein-coupled receptors because they accomplish signal transduction to the interior of the cell by interactions with guanine nucleotide regulatory binding proteins. The receptor-coupled G-proteins work as “molecular switches” which alternate from an inactive guanosine-diphosphate to an active guanosine-triphosphate (GTP) state, which then act to modulate all downstream cell processes. Signaling by various hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as photons and odors, follows the same general pathway, (i.e., by binding of an extracellular ligand to the receptor, which then interacts with the membrane-bound G-protein). This complex, often referred to as the ternary complex, then acts through the activated G-protein to regulate an effector, such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, or ion channels .

The main effects of nylidrin may be divided into 3 categories:

Blood vessels

Vascular smooth muscle has β2-adrenoceptors that have a high binding affinity for circulating epinephrine and a lower affinity to norepinephrine released by sympathetic adrenergic nerves . When nylidrin binds to the beta-adrenergic receptors, it prevents the binding of epinephrine, leading to decreased blood vessel contractility as epinephrine is unable to bind .

Heart:

Increased intracellular cAMP by beta-2-agonists inhibits myosin light chain kinase, leading to relaxation These receptors, like the receptors in the heart, are coupled to a Gs-protein, which acts stimulate the formation of cAMP. Although increased cAMP increases cardiac myocyte contraction, in vascular smooth muscle, an increase in cAMP causes smooth muscle relaxation. The reason for this is the fact that cAMP inhibits myosin light chain kinase that is responsible for phosphorylating smooth muscle myosin. Increases in intracellular cAMP caused by β2-agonists inhibit myosin light chain kinase thereby producing less contractile force (i.e., promoting relaxation) .

Other tissues

Activation of β2-adrenoceptors in the lungs causes bronchodilation. β2-adrenoceptor activation leads to hepatic glycogenolysis and the pancreatic secretion of glucagon, increasing plasma glucose concentrations. β1-adrenoceptor stimulation in the kidneys promotes the release of renin, stimulating the production of angiotensin II and the subsequent release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex .

Toxicity

Adverse effects of oral sympathomimetics, such as nylidrin, are common. The most frequent effects are hypertension, palpitations, nausea, anxiety, mydriasis, and restlessness/agitation .

Large overdoses and severe toxicity may lead to seizures, hallucinations, agitated delirium, and tachydysrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Vasospasm can lead to myocardial ischemia focal cerebrovascular deficits. Severe hypertension may also result in intracranial hemorrhage or renal insufficiency. Reflex bradycardia because of significant hypertension is possible. Prolonged agitation can lead to rhabdomyolysis and hyperthermia .