Peefresh

Uses

For antisepsis of clean and surgical hand to prevent infections

Sodium fluoride is an antiseptic & anticavity mouthwash which-

• Restores enamel to strengthen teeth
• Protects teeth from cavity
• Helps to prevent tooth decay
• Controls tartar that can discolor teeth
• whitens teeth safety

Zinc is an essential element commonly used for the treatment of patients with documented zinc deficiency.

Zinc can be used for the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency/its consequences, including stunted growth and acute diarrhea in children, and slowed wound healing. It is also utilized for boosting the immune system, treating the common cold and recurrent ear infections, as well as preventing lower respiratory tract infections .

Peefresh is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Catarrh of the throat, Chemotherapy Induced Mucositis, Chronic Wounds, Decubitus Ulcer, Dental Cavity, Dysphagia, Eczema infected, Foeter Ex Ore, Gingival Bleeding, Gingival disorders NEC, Gingivitis, Glossitis, Hoarseness, Infection, Infectious Periodontal Diseases, Injury Throat, Mild to Moderate Inflammatory Reaction of the Oral Cavity, Mild to Moderate Inflammatory Reaction of the Pharynx, Mouth injury, Mucositis, Neurodermatitis, Ocular Inflammation, Ocular Irritation, Oral Aphthous Ulcer, Oral Infection, Pain, Periodontitis, Pharyngitis, Plaque, Dental, Postoperative Wound Infection, Purulent Gingivitis, Radiation Mucositis, Red eye, Ringworm, Skin Infections, Skin Infections, Bacterial, Sore Throat, Stomatitis, Surgical Wound, Tissue Damage, Tonsillitis, Ulcer, Aphthous, Ulcers, Leg, Wound Infections, Dry, cracked skin, Gum disorder, Gum pain, Moderate Gingivitis, Oral lesions, Recurrent Oral fungal infection, Severe Gingivitis, Superficial Wounds, Throat disinfection, Tongue inflammation, Anesthesia of Mucous Membrane, Antimicrobial Therapy, Contact Lens Care, Disinfection, Disinfection of External Genitalia, Disinfection of the Urethra, Disinfection of the Vaginal Mucosa, Irrigation therapy, Lubrication of the Urethra, Oral Care, Oral Hygiene, Oropharyngeal antisepsis, Skin disinfection, Surgical Scrubbing, Topical Antisepsis, Urethral Anesthesia, Wound Cleansing, Wound Healing, Oral antisepsis, Oral disinfectionCaries; Enamel, Cavity, Dental Cavity, Dental Decay, Dental Health, Partial Denture Wearers Wear of the Natural Enamel, Tooth Sensitivity, Trace Element Deficiency, Wear of the Natural Enamel caused by teeth grinding, Parenteral NutritionCandidiasis, Common Cold, Diaper Dermatitis, Diaper Rash, Eye redness, Iron Deficiency (ID), Ocular Irritation, Skin Irritation, Sunburn, Wilson's Disease, Zinc Deficiency, Dietary and Nutritional Therapies, Dietary supplementation

How Peefresh works

Chlorhexidine’s broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects are due to its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes. The positively charged chlorhexidine molecule reacts with negatively charged phosphate groups on microbial cell surfaces - this reaction both destroys the integrity of the cell, allowing leakage of intracellular material, and allows chlorhexidine to enter the cell, causing precipitation of cytoplasmic components and ultimately cell death. The specific means of cell death is dependent on the concentration of chlorhexidine - lower concentrations are bacteriostatic and result in leakage of intracellular substances such as potassium and phosphorous, whereas higher concentrations are bactericidal and cause cytoplasmic precipitation.

The prevention of dental caries by topical fluoride is achieved by various mechanisms. Sodium fluoride kills bacteria that cause caries, such a Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli by interfering with their metabolic activities that result in the formation of lactic acid. Fluoride ions cause the inhibition of glycolytic and other enzymes involved in bacterial metabolism. It changes the permeability of cell membranes, lowering the pH in the cytoplasm of the cell, leading to a decrease in acidity, which is normally implicated in tooth decay.

When administered at low topical doses, fluoride in both saliva and plaque and saliva prevent the demineralization of healthy tooth enamel while remineralizing teeth that have previously been demineralized. Sodium fluoride is absorbed by the surface of hydroxyapatite crystals on the teeth, which are necessary for mineralization. This renders the teeth more resistant to demineralization by changing the apatite crystal solubility. Sodium fluoride inhibits the demineralization of teeth in a pH-related manner. When used in high doses, in formulations such as the fluoride varnishes or gels, sodium fluoride forms a layer on the surface of tooth enamel. When the pH of the mouth is reduced due to acid production by bacteria such as S.mutans, fluoride is released, interfering with bacterial metabolism, and then acts to remineralize the teeth.

Zinc has three primary biological roles: catalytic, structural, and regulatory. The catalytic and structural role of zinc is well established, and there are various noteworthy reviews on these functions. For example, zinc is a structural constituent in numerous proteins, inclusive of growth factors, cytokines, receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors for different cellular signaling pathways. It is implicated in numerous cellular processes as a cofactor for approximately 3000 human proteins including enzymes, nuclear factors, and hormones .

Zinc promotes resistance to epithelial apoptosis through cell protection (cytoprotection) against reactive oxygen species and bacterial toxins, likely through the antioxidant activity of the cysteine-rich metallothioneins .

In HL-60 cells (promyelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc enhances the up-regulation of A20 mRNA, which, via TRAF pathway, decreases NF-kappaB activation, leading to decreased gene expression and generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1beta, and IL-8 .

There are several mechanisms of action of zinc on acute diarrhea. Various mechanisms are specific to the gastrointestinal system: zinc restores mucosal barrier integrity and enterocyte brush-border enzyme activity, it promotes the production of antibodies and circulating lymphocytes against intestinal pathogens, and has a direct effect on ion channels, acting as a potassium channel blocker of adenosine 3-5-cyclic monophosphate-mediated chlorine secretion. Cochrane researchers examined the evidence available up to 30 September 2016 .

Zinc deficiency in humans decreases the activity of serum thymulin (a hormone of the thymus), which is necessary for the maturation of T-helper cells. T-helper 1 (Th(1)) cytokines are decreased but T-helper 2 (Th(2)) cytokines are not affected by zinc deficiency in humans [A342417].

The change of Th(1) to Th(2) function leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunction. Because IL-2 production (Th(1) cytokine) is decreased, this causes decreased activity of natural-killer-cell (NK cell) and T cytolytic cells, normally involved in killing viruses, bacteria, and malignant cells [A3424].

In humans, zinc deficiency may lead to the generation of new CD4+ T cells, produced in the thymus. In cell culture studies (HUT-78, a Th(0) human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line), as a result of zinc deficiency, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, phosphorylation of IkappaB, and binding of NF-kappaB to DNA are decreased and this results in decreased Th(1) cytokine production .

In another study, zinc supplementation in human subjects suppressed the gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased oxidative stress markers [A3424]. In HL-60 cells (a human pro-myelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc deficiency increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 cytokines and mRNA. In such cells, zinc was found to induce A20, a zinc finger protein that inhibited NF-kappaB activation by the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway. This process decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers .

The exact mechanism of zinc in acne treatment is poorly understood. However, zinc is considered to act directly on microbial inflammatory equilibrium and facilitate antibiotic absorption when used in combination with other agents. Topical zinc alone as well as in combination with other agents may be efficacious because of its anti-inflammatory activity and ability to reduce P. acnes bacteria by the inhibition of P. acnes lipases and free fatty acid levels .

Dosage

Peefresh dosage

To sterilize clean hand: Take adequate amount (about 3 ml) of Sanityza on the palm of the both hands and wrists; rub until full drying as if every part is sterilized effectivelyBefore surgery: Apply about 5 ml of Sanityza following above mentioned method; apply upto the elbow

Rinse (gargle) with fall strength Sodium fluoride for 30 seconds with 20 ml (with the help of supplied cup) two times daily (morning and evening). Do not swallow. Don’t eat or drink within 30 minutes after rinsing with Sodium fluoride restoring.

Side Effects

Skin sensitivity; mucosal irritation; reversible brown staining of the teeth; tongue discoloration and burning sensation; transient taste disturbance; parotid gland swelling.

Hypersensitivity reactions, rash, nausea, vomiting. Products containing stannous fluoride may cause teeth staining.

Toxicity

The LD₅₀ of subcutaneously administered chlorhexidine in mice is >5 g/kg.

Small children are likely to be more susceptible to chlorhexidine overdose - ingestion of 1-2 ounces by a small child may result in gastric distress, nausea, and intoxication. Treatment should consist of symptomatic and supportive measures. Seek medical attention if a child ingests >4 ounces of chlorhexidine solution or if symptoms of intoxication develop post-exposure.

The oral LD50 of sodium fluoride is 44 mg/kg in mice and 31 mg/kg in rats. The oral LD50 of sodium fluoride in rabbits is 200 mg/kg.

Overdose information

The ingestion of toothpaste is the major cause of sodium fluoride overdose. This is followed by sodium fluoride supplements and mouth rinses. Most causes of sodium fluoride toxicity have been observed in children under the age of 6 years old. The manifestations of a sodium fluoride overdose may include gastrointestinal disturbance, abdominal pain, alterations in taste, seizures, salivation, bradycardia, tachycardia, headache, tremor, and shallow breathing. Gastrointestinal bleeding may also occur in addition to a sensation of burning in the mouth. Hypotension, bronchospasm, fixed mydriasis, and elevated potassium can also occur which, in turn, may lead to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.

Management

If a dose greater than 5 mg fluoride per kilogram of body weight (2.3 mg fluoride per pound of body weight) has been taken, it is advisable to induce vomiting. Administer calcium in an oral, soluble form (for example, 5% calcium gluconate, a solution of calcium lactate, or milk). The patient should seek immediate medical attention. If a sodium fluoride ingestion of 15 mg fluoride/kg of body weight or more occurs (i.e. higher than 6.9 mg fluoride per pound), immediately induce vomiting, provide supportive care, and admit the patient to the hospital for observation.

According to the Toxnet database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the oral LD50 for zinc is close to 3 g/kg body weight, more than 10-fold higher than cadmium and 50-fold higher than mercury .

The LD50 values of several zinc compounds (ranging from 186 to 623 mg zinc/kg/day) have been measured in rats and mice .

Precaution

• Keep away from the reach of children

• If the solution comes in contact with eyes, wash your eyes with water immediately ·

• 3. Keep away from light and keep at room temperature• Keep away from combustible material and fire

Prolonged treatment with large amounts of fluoride may result in dental fluorosis and osseous changes; do not exceed recommended dosage. Renal impairment. Pregnancy.

Interaction

Soaps, other anionic agents, borates, bicarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, citrates, nitrates, phosphates & sulfates.

Absorption of fluoride may be reduced by aluminium, calcium and magnesium salts.

Volume of Distribution

Fluoride distributes to the saliva, bones, and teeth, and is also found in lesser quantities in the breastmilk and sweat. After the ingestion of sodium fluoridated drinking water, the fluoride ions are found to distribute to the plasma and blood cells. Plasma levels of fluoride concentrations are twice as the concentrations found in blood cells. Adults have been found to retain 36% of ingested fluoride and children have been found to retain about 50% of a dose. Most of the retained fluoride is localized to bone and teeth and 1% accumulates in soft tissues. Fluoride crosses the placenta and the blood-brain barrier. The central nervous system concentrations of sodium fluoride are estimated to reach 20% the plasma concentrations. Studies conducted in communities with high levels of fluoride in water did not show any increase in birth defects. The placenta is able to regulate the accumulation of excess fluoride, possibly protecting the fetus from high levels of fluoride. Despite this, excessively high exposure to fluoride in utero may lead to skeletal fluorosis.

A pharmacokinetic study was done in rats to determine the distribution and other metabolic indexes of zinc in two particle sizes. It was found that zinc particles were mainly distributed to organs including the liver, lung, and kidney within 72 hours without any significant difference being found according to particle size or rat gender .

Elimination Route

Topically, chlorhexidine is unlikely to undergo any degree of systemic absorption. Orally administered chlorhexidine, such as that found in oral rinses for dental purposes, is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract - the C_max in human subjects following an oral dose of 300mg was 0.206 µg/g and occurred approximately 30 minutes after ingestion (T_max). Following the insertion of 4 PerioChips in 18 adult patients, no detectable plasma or urine chlorhexidine levels were observed.

Sodium fluoride is 90% absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with 77% of absorption in the proximal intestine and about 25% in the stomach. The rate of absorption may vary according to gastric pH. Cmax is reached 20-60 minutes after ingestion. Cmax was estimated to be 848 ± 116 ng/mL after a 20mg sodium fluoride solution was ingested, with a Tmax of 0.46 ± 0.17 hours. The bioavailability of sodium fluoride tablets administered in the fasted state during one pharmacokinetic study approached 100%. Another resource reports a sodium fluoride AUC of 1.14 ± 0.12 μg × h/mL after the ingestion of fluoridated water.

Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine by a carrier-mediated mechanism . Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subjects is absorbed quite efficiently (at a rate of 60-70%), however, absorption from solid diets is less efficient and varies greatly, dependent on zinc content and diet composition .

Generally, 33% is considered to be the average zinc absorption in humans . More recent studies have determined different absorption rates for various populations based on their type of diet and phytate to zinc molar ratio. Zinc absorption is concentration dependent and increases linearly with dietary zinc up to a maximum rate [L20902].

Additionally zinc status may influence zinc absorption. Zinc-deprived humans absorb this element with increased efficiency, whereas humans on a high-zinc diet show a reduced efficiency of absorption .

Half Life

The terminal plasma elimination half-life following the ingestion of fluoridated drinking water generally ranges from 3 to 10 hours. The half-life of sodium fluoride in the bones is 20 years.

The half-life of zinc in humans is approximately 280 days .

Clearance

Sodium fluoride is rapidly cleared by the kidneys and depends on various factors, including glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and urine pH. According to one clinical study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of oral sodium fluoride tablets in healthy young adults, the renal clearance was determined to be 77.4 ± 11.2mL/min for acidic urine and 78.4 ± 6.9mL/min for alkaline urine. Another reference estimates the renal clearance of fluoride ions from sodium fluoridated water at 35–45 mL/min.

In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 μg/min .

Elimination Route

Excretion of chlorhexidine gluconate occurs almost exclusively via the feces, with less than 1% of an ingested dose excreted in the urine.

Sodium fluoride is rapidly excreted, mainly in the urine. About 90% of fluoride is filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed by the renal tubules. About 10% is excreted in the feces.

The excretion of zinc through gastrointestinal tract accounts for approximately one-half of all zinc eliminated from the body .

Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance. Other routes of zinc excretion include both urine and surface losses (sloughed skin, hair, sweat) .

Zinc has been shown to induce intestinal metallothionein, which combines zinc and copper in the intestine and prevents their serosal surface transfer. Intestinal cells are sloughed with approximately a 6-day turnover, and the metallothionein-bound copper and zinc are lost in the stool and are thus not absorbed .

Measurements in humans of endogenous intestinal zinc have primarily been made as fecal excretion; this suggests that the amounts excreted are responsive to zinc intake, absorbed zinc and physiologic need .

In one study, elimination kinetics in rats showed that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles was excreted via the urine, however, most of the nanoparticles were excreted via the feces .

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category B. Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

Contraindication

Hypersensitivity.

Not to use 1 mg tablets in children less then 3 yr of age or when drinking water fluoride content is >= 0.3 ppm.

Acute Overdose

In acute poisoning, symptoms include a salty or soapy taste, increased salivation, GI disturbances, abdominal pain, weakness, drowsiness, faintness and shallow breathing; more serious effects include hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia, tremors, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, shock, respiratory arrest and cardiac failure. Death may occur within 2-4 hr. Treatment includes gastric lavage with lime water or a weak solution of another calcium salt to precipitate fluoride. Maintain high urine output, slow IV inj of calcium gluconate 10% may be used for hypocalcaemia and tetany. Magnesium sulfate may be given to treat hypomagnesaemia, and aluminium hydroxide may help to reduce fluoride absorption. Haemodialysis may be considered. Chronic fluoride poisoning may cause skeletal fluorosis resulting in bone pain, stiffness, limited movment and in severe cases, crippling deformities. In children, prolonged excessive intake during tooth development before eruption may cause dental fluorosis characterised by mottled enamel.

Storage Condition

Store in a cool and dry place, protected from light.

Store in tight plastic containers.

Innovators Monograph

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