Primode

Primode Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Cod Liver Oil is a rich, natural source of Vitamins-A, D3 and Omega-3 fatty acids. Vitamin A helps to maintain healthy respiratory and digestive tract linings which are the first line of defence against infection. It also supports a healthy immune system. Vitamin-D is essential for the optimal uptake of Calcium from the intestine into the blood and helps maintain normal blood and bone levels of Calcium. EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (decosahexanoic acid) are Omega- 3 fatty acids. It is thought that EPA and DHA may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

As cod liver oil is a composite of several other nutritional compounds including the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as vitamin A and vitamin D , the presence in varying amounts of all of these compounds at once makes it difficult to recommend or use cod liver oil as an appropriate supplement to confer any one particular health effect or for any one particular nutritional deficiency.

For example, one tablespoon of cod liver oil contains approximately 4,080 ug of retinol (vitamin A) and 34 ug (1,360 IU) of vitamin D . Since the general dietary reference intake of vitamin A is only 900 ug per day for adult men, 700 ug per day for women, and 3000 ug per day as the tolerable upper intake level, the regular intake of cod liver oil as a regular supplement can result in harmful levels of vitamin A accumulating in the liver and sufficient to cause hypervitaminosis A , which is associated with various symptoms such as blurred vision, changes in consciousness, skin and hair changes, liver damage, among many others.

Moreover, while cod liver oil only contains a certain percentage of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA per amount of the oil , separate fish oils supplement products that exclusively consist of only EPA and DHA are available in a great variety of different percentage content formulations, even including prescription strength formulations should certain patients need such a level of therapy. Furthermore, such exclusive omega-3 fatty acid supplement products do not contain any vitamin A or D either, which allows patients to use the supplements without any concern about affecting their vitamin A or D levels or exposing themselves to the unnecessary excess intake of vitamins.

Evening primrose oil comes from the extraction from Oenothera biennis seeds and it is commonly used as an alternative source for omega-6 essential fatty acids. In its composition it presents some fatty acids such as Linolenic acid and Gamolenic acid. Evening primrose oil has been filled for the FDA by Humanetics Corporation on April 2000 to be a new dietary ingredient but its current status is "Inadequate basis for expectation of safety". By Health Canada, evening primrose oil is approved in over-the-counter combination dietary supplements. By the EMA, evening primrose oil is approved in herbal preparations.

The effectivity of evening primrose oil is debatable as the evidence is very limited. Evening primrose oil improves the essential fatty acid content in plasma, erythrocyte, and platelet lipids. It has also been registered to increase alpha-tocopherol levels in non-diabetic and type I diabetic patients. Evening primrose oil affects the fatty acid composition of serum lipids and adipose tissue as well as it helps maintain normal cellular structures and it serves as a prostaglandin precursor. Administration of evening primrose oil is part of long-term therapy and thus, immediate results are never expected.

Primode
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
Food Interaction
Half Life
Volume of Distribution
Clearance
Interaction With other Medicine
Contradiction
Storage

Trade Name	Primode
Generic	Cod Liver Oil + Evening Primrose Oil
Weight	300mg
Type	Capsule
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer	Mas Pharmaceutical Pvt Ltd, Tas Med India Pvt Ltd
Available Country	India
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

Deficiency of Vitamins-A and D
Supports a healthy immune system
Maintains healthy mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts
Maintains bone health
Supports healthy skin
Improves in the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Reduces the risk of Coronary Heart Disease.

Evening primrose oil is used as part of over-the-counter dietary supplements.

It is also used for the treatment of systemic inflammatory diseases and for women's health conditions such as cyclical mastalgia. These indications do not have sufficient evidence of their effectiveness. It was used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in the United Kingdom but it is currently withdrawn due to lack of evidence of effectiveness.

Primode is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Deficiency, Vitamin A, Deficiency, Vitamin D, Skin CareDietary supplementation

How Primode works

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the mechanisms of action of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

Evening primrose oil presents a content of 74% Linolenic acid and 9% Gamolenic acid from which the later seems to be the key active ingredient of this oil. These major essential fatty acids are required for the normal structure of cell membranes and they are not synthesized endogenously. The therapeutic activity of evening primrose oil is attributed to the direct action of its essential fatty acids on immune cells as well as to an indirect effect on the synthesis of eicosanoids. The actions of highly unsaturated fatty acids in tissues and eicosanoids are thought to be implicated in inflammatory and immunologic pathogeneses.

The essential fatty acids found in evening primrose oil are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin. For this activity, the main involved component is the Gamolenic acid. The presence of this essential fatty acid allows the synthesis of anti-inflammatory substances such as 15-hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid and prostaglandin E1.

Dosage

Primode dosage

Adults and children over 6 years- Take 1-2 capsule(s) 3 times a day with meals, or as professionally prescribed.

Children under 6 years - Only as professionally prescribed.

Pregnant and lactating women - Take 1 capsule 3 times a day with meals.

Side Effects

Prolonged usage of large amounts can lead to hypervitaminosis symptoms of which include dry mouth, rough skin, painful joints swelling, fatigue, anorexia, loss of weight, vomiting and other gastrointestinal disturbances .These may disappear on discontinuation of supplementation.

Toxicity

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the toxicities of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

Evening primrose oil seems to have little toxicological effect in humans. The reported LD50 values in the mouse are 3.12 x 10^4 mcg/kg. The toxicological effects are very minimal and it has proven to not have an effect on tumor incidence nor to present effects on fertility studies.

Precaution

Caution should be exercised in those with chronic renal failure or during renal dialysis, the patients having hepatomegaly and raised ESR.

Interaction

Cod Liver Oil should never be taken in conjunction with anti-coagulant medications including Aspirin, Dalteperin Sodium, Enoxaparin Sodium injections and Warfarin.

Volume of Distribution

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the volumes of distribution of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Elimination Route

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the absorptions of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

The pharmacokinetics of evening primrose oil is mainly studied by analyzing its active ingredient Gamolenic acid. After administration, Gamolenic acid is rapidly absorbed and converted directly to Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and other precursors. When orally administered, the tmax was directly dependent to the time of administration, being of 2.7 hours in the evening and 4.4 hours in the morning. The Cmax and AUC were registered to be approximately 21 mcg/ml and 274 mcg.h/ml. The bioavailability of Gamolenic acid acid is influenced by triglyceride composition, cellular kinetics of phospholipases and acyltransferases.

Half Life

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the half-lives of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Clearance

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the clearance of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Elimination Route

As cod liver oil consists of the component compounds of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, and vitamin D further information about the routes of elimination of these cod liver oil components can be found by searching for fish oil, vitamin A, and vitamin D on DrugBank.

The major components of the primrose oil are highly metabolized and the majority of the generated metabolites are excreted in the urine.