Protozole

Protozole Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Protozole, a 5-nitroimidazole derivative with antimicrobial actions similar to metronidazole, is active against both protozoa (e.g. Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia) and obligate anaerobic bacteria. It damages DNA strands or inhibits DNA synthesis in microorganism.

Protozole is a synthetic antiprotozoal agent. Protozole demonstrates activity both in vitro and in clinical infections against the following protozoa: Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia duodenalis (also termed G. lamblia), and Entamoeba histolytica. Protozole does not appear to have activity against most strains of vaginal lactobacilli.

Trade Name Protozole
Availability Prescription only
Generic Tinidazole
Tinidazole Other Names Timidazole, Tinidazol, Tinidazole, Tinidazolum
Related Drugs doxycycline, metronidazole, clindamycin, Flagyl, albendazole, Cleocin, Vibramycin, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, paromomycin
Type
Formula C8H13N3O4S
Weight Average: 247.272
Monoisotopic: 247.062676609
Protein binding

Plasma protein binding of tinidazole is 12%.

Groups Approved, Investigational
Therapeutic Class Amoebicides
Manufacturer
Available Country Egypt
Last Updated: September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am
Protozole
Protozole

Uses

Trichomoniasis: Protozole is used for the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. The organism should be identified by appropriate diagnostic procedures. Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with potentially serious sequelae, partners of infected patients should be treated simultaneously in order to prevent re-infection.

Giardiasis: Protozole is used for the treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia duodenalis in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age. Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.

Amebiasis: Protozole is used for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age. It is not used for the treatment of asymptomatic cystpassage.

Bacterial Vaginosis: Protozole is used for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (formerly referred to as Haemophilus vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis, or anaerobic vaginosis) in non-pregnant women.

Other pathogens commonly associated with vulvovaginitis such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Candida albicans and Herpes simplex virus should be ruled out.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Protozole and other antibacterialdrugs, Protozole should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

Protozole is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Amebiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Candidal Vulvovaginitis, Giardiasis, Mixed Vaginal Infections, Nongonococcal urethritis, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection, Trichomoniasis

How Protozole works

Protozole is a prodrug and antiprotozoal agent. The nitro group of tinidazole is reduced in Trichomonas by a ferredoxin-mediated electron transport system. The free nitro radical generated as a result of this reduction is believed to be responsible for the antiprotozoal activity. It is suggested that the toxic free radicals covalently bind to DNA, causing DNA damage and leading to cell death. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against Giardia and Entamoeba species is not known, though it is probably similar.

Dosage

Protozole dosage

Prevention of Postoperative Infections :

  • Adult: A single oral dose of 2g approximately 12 hours before surgery.
  • Children less than 12 years: Data are not available to allow dosage recommendations for children below the age of 12 years in the prophylaxis of anaerobic infections.

Trichomoniasis: a single 2 g oral dose taken with food. Treat sexual partners with the same dose and at the same time Giardiasis:

  • Adults: a single 2 g dose taken with food.
  • Pediatric patients older than three years of age: a single dose of 50 mg/kg (up to 2 g) with food

Amebiasis, Intestinal:

  • Adults: 2 g per day for 3 days with food.
  • Pediatric patients older than three years of age: 50 mg/kg/day (up to 2 g per day) for 3 days with food

Amebic liver abscess:

  • Adults: 2 g per day for 3-5 days with food.
  • Pediatric patients older than three years of age: 50 mg/kg/day (up to 2 g per day) for 3-5 days with food

Bacterial vaginosis: Non-pregnant, adult women: 2 g once daily for 2 days taken with food, or 1 g once daily for 5 days taken with food.

Should be taken with food. Take during or immediately after meals.

Side Effects

Reported side effects have generally been infrequent, mild and self-limiting. Side effects from the gastrointestinal tract include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea and metallic taste. Hypersensitivity reactions, occasionally severe, may occur in rare cases in the form of skin rash, pruritis, urticaria and angioneurotic oedema. As with related compounds, tinidazole may produce transient leukopenia. Other rarely reported side-effects are headache, tiredness, furry tongue and dark urine.

Toxicity

There are no reported overdoses with tinidazole in humans. In acute studies with mice and rats, the LD 50 for mice was generally > 3,600 mg/kg for oral administration and was > 2,300 mg/kg for intraperitoneal administration. In rats, the LD 50 was > 2,000 mg/kg for both oral and intraperitoneal administration.

Precaution

Compounds of similar chemical structure have produced various neurological disturbances such as dizziness, vertigo, uncoordination, and ataxia. If, during therapy with tinidazole, abnormal neurological signs develop, therapy should be discontinued. Use in Pregnancy & Lactation: Protozole is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy. While there is no evidence that tinidazole is harmful during the late stages of pregnancy, its use during the last two trimesters requires that the potential benefits outweigh the possible risk to mother and foetus. Protozole is excreted in breast milk in concentrations similar to those seen in serum. Protozole can be detected in breast milk for up to 72 hours following administration. Interruption of breast-feeding is recommended during tinidazole therapy and for 3 days following the last dose.

Interaction

The following interactions were reported with metronidazole, which is chemically-related to tinidazole.

Alcohol, disulfiram: Avoid during tinidazole use and for 3 days afterward because cramps, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and flushing may occur.

Anticoagulants, oral (eg, warfarin): Anticoagulant effects may be increased. Anticoagulant dose may need to be adjusted during coadministration and for up to 8 days after discontinuation.

Cholestyramine: Bioavailability of tinidazole may be decreased. Cyclosporine, lithium, tacrolimus: Levels may be elevated by tinidazole, increasing the risk of toxicity.

Drugs that induce CYP3A4 (eg, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin): May increase metabolism of tinidazole, decreasing plasma levels and therapeutic effect.

Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 (eg, cimetidine, ketoconazole): May prolong t½ and decrease tinidazole Cl, increasing plasma levels and risk of adverse reactions.

Fluorouracil: Cl may be decreased by tinidazole, increasing the risk of adverse reactions

Fosphenytoin, phenytoin: The t½ may be prolonged and Cl reduced by tinidazole, increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Oxytetracycline: Therapeutic effect of tinidazole may be decreased.

Food Interaction

  • Avoid alcohol. Avoid concomitant use of alcohol with tinidazole as it may cause flushing, nausea, vomiting, and headaches.
  • Take with food. Administering with food may reduce gastrointestinal upset and epigastric discomfort caused by tinidazole but does not affect bioavailability.

[Moderate] GENERALLY AVOID: Use of alcohol or products containing alcohol during nitroimidazole therapy may result in a disulfiram-like reaction in some patients.

There have been a few case reports involving metronidazole, although data overall are not convincing.

The presumed mechanism is inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) by metronidazole in a manner similar to disulfiram.

Following ingestion of alcohol, inhibition of ALDH results in increased concentrations of acetaldehyde, the accumulation of which can produce an unpleasant physiologic response referred to as the 'disulfiram reaction'.

Symptoms include flushing, throbbing in head and neck, throbbing headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea, hyperventilation, tachycardia, hypotension, syncope, weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion.

Severe reactions may result in respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, acute congestive heart failure, unconsciousness, convulsions, and death.

However, some investigators have questioned the disulfiram-like properties of metronidazole.

One study found neither elevations in blood acetaldehyde nor objective or subjective signs of a disulfiram-like reaction to ethanol in six subjects treated with metronidazole (200 mg three times a day for 5 days) compared to six subjects who received placebo.

MANAGEMENT: Because clear evidence is lacking concerning the safety of ethanol use during nitroimidazole therapy, patients should be apprised of the potential for interaction and instructed to avoid alcoholic beverages and products containing alcohol or propylene glycol while using oral, intravenous, or vaginal preparations of a nitroimidazole.

Alcoholic beverages should not be consumed for up to 3 days after completion of systemic nitroimidazole therapy.

Volume of Distribution

  • 50 L

Elimination Route

Rapidly and completely absorbed under fasting conditions. Administration with food results in a delay in Tmax of approximately 2 hours and a decline in Cmax of approximately 10% and an AUC of 901.6 ± 126.5 mcg hr/mL.

Half Life

The elimination half-life is 13.2±1.4 hours and the plasma half-life is 12 to 14 hours.

Elimination Route

Protozole crosses the placental barrier and is secreted in breast milk. Protozole is excreted by the liver and the kidneys. Protozole is excreted in the urine mainly as unchanged drug (approximately 20-25% of the administered dose). Approximately 12% of the drug is excreted in the feces.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category C. Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the foetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

Contraindication

As with other compounds of similar structure, tinidazole, is contraindicated in patients having, or with a history of, blood dyscrasias although no persistent haematological abnormalities have been noted in clinical or animal studies. Protozole should be avoided in patients with organic neurological disorders. Protozole should not be administered to patients with known hypersensitivity to the compound.

Special Warning

Renal Impairment: Haemodialysis: Additional dose equal to half the usual dose at the end of haemodialysis.

Storage Condition

Store at room temperature & protected from light.

Innovators Monograph

You find simplified version here Protozole

Protozole contains Tinidazole see full prescribing information from innovator Protozole Monograph, Protozole MSDS, Protozole FDA label

FAQ

What is Protozole used for?

Protozole is used to treat infections caused by protozoa . It is also used to treat adult women with vaginal infections (bacterial vaginosis).

When is the best time to take Protozole?

Take Protozole tablets during or straight after a meal. Keep taking the tablets until the course is finished.

What are the common side effects of Protozole?

The common side effects of Protozole are include :

  • upset stomach
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • loss of appetite
  • constipation
  • stomach pain or cramps
  • headache
  • tiredness or weakness
  • dizziness

Is Protozole safe during pregnancy?

Do not take Protozole during the first 3 months of pregnancy.

Is Protozole safe during breastfeeding?

Protozole can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not breast-feed while you are taking Protozole and for at least 3 days after your last dose. You may begin nursing again 3 days after your last dose.

Can I drink alcohol with Protozole?

If you are taking Protozole, avoid alcoholic beverages and products containing alcohol while you are taking Protozole and for 3 days after you finish taking Protozole.

Can I drive after taking alcohol Protozole?

Protozole can cause drowsiness. You should not drive or operate machinery if you're taking an antibiotic that makes you drowsy.

How long should Protozole be taken?

Protozole comes as a suspension (liquid) prepared by the pharmacist and a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken with food as a single dose or once a day for 2 to 5 days.

Can I take Protozole with milk?

Do not breastfeed within 72 hours after using Protozole. If you use a breast pump during this time, throw out the milk and do not feed it to your baby.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time.

Who should not take Protozole?

Do not take Protozole if you are also taking disulfiram or if you have taken disulfiram within the last 2 weeks.

Can Protozole cause a yeast infection?

Protozole can kill the good bacteria found in your vagina.

How long should I wait to drink after taking Protozole?

Do not drink alcohol while taking Protozole and for at least 3 days after your treatment ends.

Does Protozole cause infertility?

Some men using this medicine have become infertile (unable to have children). Before you have any medical tests, tell the medical doctor in charge that you are taking this medicine. The results of some tests may be affected by this medicine.

How long does it take for Protozole to leave my system?

Protozole will be gone after about 24 hours. However, small amounts of Protozole may still be present in your body for up to 3 days after taking Protozole.

*** Taking medicines without doctor's advice can cause long-term problems.
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