Pyridine
Pyridine Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Pyridine, also known as Pyridium, is a urinary tract analgesic used for the short-term management of urinary tract irritation and its associated unpleasant symptoms such as burning and pain during urination. In the USA, this drug was previously marked by Roche but has been discontinued by the FDA. It is still used in various parts of the world. Ingestion of phenazopyridine is found to change the appearance of the urine by imparting an orange or red color, as it is considered an azo dye.
Pyridine acts as a local anesthetic offering relief from irritating conditions of the urinary tract. It relieves urinary urgency frequency, burning, pain, and discomfort.
A note on urine and skin discoloration and interference with test results
| Trade Name | Pyridine |
| Availability | Rx and/or OTC |
| Generic | Phenazopyridine |
| Phenazopyridine Other Names | Fenazopiridina, Phenazopyridine, Phénazopyridine, Phenazopyridinum |
| Related Drugs | oxybutynin, Pyridium, imipramine, Ditropan, Azo Urinary Pain Relief, Elmiron, Ditropan XL, flavoxate, pentosan polysulfate sodium, Azo-Standard |
| Weight | 100mg |
| Type | Tablet |
| Formula | C11H11N5 |
| Weight | Average: 213.2385 Monoisotopic: 213.101445377 |
| Groups | Approved |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | Valor Pharmaceuticals |
| Available Country | Pakistan |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Pyridine is a local anesthetic used for the symptomatic relief of pain, burning, urgency, frequency, and general discomfort caused by lower urinary tract irritations that are a result of infection, trauma, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or the passage of equipment or catheters.
Pyridine hydrochloride is indicated to relieve uncomfortable symptoms that occur as a consequence of mucosal irritation of the lower urinary tract in adults. The irritation may be a result of trauma, surgery, endoscopic procedures, infection, or the insertion of instruments or urinary catheters. Pyridine may be used in combination with antimicrobial therapy but is not used as an antimicrobial agent. It contributes to the relief of discomfort and pain before antimicrobial therapy begins to take effect. It is important to note that the duration of treatment with this drug should last a maximum of 2 days. Pyridine is available in many countries as an over the counter drug.
Pyridine is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Lower Urinary Tract Infection, Signs or symptoms of urinary tract irritation
How Pyridine works
The full mechanism of action of phenazopyridine is not fully elucidated, however, it is reported to exert a direct topical analgesic effect on the mucosal lining of the urinary tract via the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels and possibly group A nerve fibers, as suggested by the results of a study in rats. The above actions likely lead to the relief of unpleasant urinary symptoms.
Toxicity
The oral LD50 of phenazopyridine in rats is 472 mg/kg.
Overdose information
Administering excess phenazopyridine above the daily recommended dose in those with healthy or impaired kidney function may increase the drug concentration and predispose the patient to toxicity. When a large overdose occurs, methemoglobinemia results. To treat this condition, Methylene blue at 1 to 2 mg/kg/dose should be administered intravenously as a 1% solution as deemed necessary. Its administration is likely to cause a rapid reduction of the methemoglobinemia state and relieve the associated cyanosis. Hemolytic anemia is also a risk when an overdose occurs, and “bite cells” may be observed in a blood smear after an overdose with phenazopyridine. Red blood cell G6PD deficiency may increase the risk of hemolysis, and even normal doses can lead to methemoglobinemia in patients with this condition. Nephrotoxicity, renal failure, and hepatic impairment may also occur in a case of overdose with this drug. Administer symptomatic and supportive treatment as necessary.
Food Interaction
- Take with food. Food reduces irritation.
Pyridine Drug Interaction
Unknown: diphenhydramine, diphenhydramine, duloxetine, duloxetine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregabalin, pregabalin, acetaminophen, acetaminophen, cyanocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, cholecalciferol, alprazolam, alprazolam, cetirizine, cetirizine
Pyridine Disease Interaction
Volume of Distribution
Small, trace quantities of phenazopyridine are thought to cross the placenta and the blood-brain barrier, reaching cerebrospinal fluid. A pharmacokinetic study in rats determined that phenazopyridine metabolites were present in high levels in the kidney and liver.
Elimination Route
Pyridine is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The mean Cmax is 65.00 ± 29.23 ng/mL, the mean Tmax is 2.48 ± 0.50 h, and the mean AUC(0 – ∞)is 431.77 ± 87.82 ng.h/mL.
Half Life
The mean elimination half-life of phenazopyridine is 7.35 hours in rats with healthy renal function. The half-life in man is not readily vailable in the literature.
Clearance
This drug is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, up to 65% of a dose administered orally may be excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. The clearance of phenazopyridine may be decreased with impaired renal or hepatic function and is contraindicated in these conditions.
Elimination Route
Up to 65% of an oral phenazopyridine dose is quickly excreted by the kidneys as unchanged drug measured in the urine. The pharmacokinetics of this drug have not been evaluated in depth in man. In a small group of healthy research volunteers, 90% of a daily 600 mg oral dose of phenazopyridine hydrochloride was found to be excreted within 1 day, with 41% as unchanged drug and 49% as phenazopyridine metabolites. Another study in humans determined that 80.07 ± 4.54 percent of the dose was cleared in the urine within 48 hours of administration. In rats, biliary excretion was high, with 40.7% of a dose excreted in 8 hours.
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