Repopain
Repopain Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Repopain is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) chemically related to indomethacin and tolmetin. Repopain tromethamine is a racemic mixture of [-]S- and [+]R-enantiomeric forms, with the S-form having analgesic activity. Its antiinflammatory effects are believed to be due to inhibition of both cylooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which leads to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis leading to decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. The resultant reduction in prostaglandin synthesis and activity may be at least partially responsible for many of the adverse, as well as the therapeutic, effects of these medications. Analgesia is probably produced via a peripheral action in which blockade of pain impulse generation results from decreased prostaglandin activity. However, inhibition of the synthesis or actions of other substances that sensitize pain receptors to mechanical or chemical stimulation may also contribute to the analgesic effect. In terms of the ophthalmic applications of ketorolac - ocular administration of ketorolac reduces prostaglandin E2 levels in aqueous humor, secondary to inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
Repopain is a non-selective NSAID and acts by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes which are normally responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The COX-1 enzyme is constitutively active and can be found in platelets, gastric mucosa, and vascular endothelium. On the other hand, the COX-2 enzyme is inducible and mediates inflammation, pain and fever.
As a result, inhibition of the COX-1 enzyme is linked to an increased risk of bleeding and risk of gastric ulceration, while the desired anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties are linked to inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, despite it's effectiveness in pain management, ketorolac should not be used long-term since this increases the risk of serious adverse effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulcers, and perforations.
Trade Name | Repopain |
Availability | Prescription only |
Generic | Ketorolac |
Ketorolac Other Names | Ketorolac, Kétorolac, Ketorolaco, Ketorolacum, rac-Ketorolac |
Related Drugs | Buprenex, aspirin, acetaminophen, tramadol, naproxen, Tylenol, oxycodone, fentanyl, Toradol, bupivacaine |
Weight | 10mg, 30mg/ml |
Type | Tablet, Im/iv Injection |
Formula | C15H13NO3 |
Weight | Average: 255.2686 Monoisotopic: 255.089543287 |
Protein binding | >99% of Ketorolac is plasma protein bound. |
Groups | Approved |
Therapeutic Class | Drugs used for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Non-Opioid Analgesics |
Manufacturer | Organic Health Care |
Available Country | Bangladesh |
Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
![Repopain Repopain](https://www.medicinesfaq.com/media/png/repopain.png)
Uses
Repopain injections and tablets are used for the short-term management of moderate to severe acute post-operative pain.
Repopain is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Migraine, Cystoid Macular Edema, Eye Pain, Inflammation, Ocular Itching, Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema, Acute Pericarditis, Acute, moderate Pain, Acute, severe Pain, Chronic aphakic cystoid macular edema, Intraoperative miosis, Postoperative ocular pain
How Repopain works
Repopain inhibits key pathways in prostaglandin synthesis which is crucial to it's mechanism of action. Although ketorolac is non-selective and inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, it's clinical efficacy is derived from it's COX-2 inhibition. The COX-2 enzyme is inducible and is responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins that mediate inflammation and pain. By blocking this pathway, ketorolac achieves analgesia and reduces inflammation. Repopain is administered as a racemic mixture; however, the "S" enantiomer is largely responsible for it's pharmacological activity.
Dosage
Repopain dosage
Repopain Tablet-
Repopain Tablet isrecommended for short-term use only (up to 7 days) and are not recommended for chronic use. 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as required. Doses exceeding 40 mg/day are not recommended. For patients receiving parenteral Repopain tromethamine, and who are converted to Repopain tromethamine oral tablets, the total combined daily dose should not exceed 90 mg (60 mg for the elderly, renally impaired patients and patients less than 50 kg) and the oral component should not exceed 40 mg on the day the change of formulation is made. Patients should be converted to oral treatment as soon as possible.
Repopain injection-
Repopain injection may be used as a single or multiple doses, on a regular or when necessary schedule for the management of moderately severe, acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level, usually in a postoperative setting. When administering Repopain injection, the IV bolus must be given over no less than 15 seconds. The IM administration should be given slowly and deeply into the muscle. The analgesic effect begins within 30 minutes with maximum effect in 1 to 2 hours after dosing IV or IM. Duration of analgesic effect is usually 4 to 6 hours. Single-Dose Treatment: The following regimen should be limited to single administration use only.
IM Dosing (Adult):
- Patients <65 years of age: One dose of 60 mg.
- Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired and/or less than 50 kg of body weight: One dose of 30 mg.
IV Dosing (Adult):
- Patients <65 years of age: One dose of 30 mg.
- Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired and/or less than 50 kg of body weight: One dose of 15 mg.
IV or IM Dosing (2 to 16 years of age):
- IM Dosing: One dose of 1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 30 mg.
- IV Dosing: One dose of 0.5 mg/kg up to a maximum of 15 mg.
Multiple-Dose Treatment (IV or IM):
- Patients <65 years of age: The recommended dose is 30 mg Repopain injection every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 120 mg. Patients >65 years of age, renally impaired patients and patients less than 50 kg: The recommended dose is 15 mg Repopain injection every 6 hours. The maximum daily dose for these populations should not exceed 60 mg. For breakthrough pain, do not increase the dose or the frequency of Repopain Tromethamine.
- Conversion from Parenteral to Oral Therapy: Repopain tablets may be used either as monotherapy or as follow-on therapy to parenteral Repopain. When Repopain tablets are used as a follow-on therapy to parenteral Repopain, the total combined daily dose of ketorolac (oral + parenteral) should not exceed 120 mg in younger adult patients or 60 mg in elderly patients on the day the change of formulation is made. On subsequent days, oral dosing should not exceed the recommended daily maximum of 40 mg. Repopain IM should be replaced by Repopain tablet as soon as feasible. The total duration of combined parenteral andoral treatment should not exceed 5 days.
Repopain Nasal spray-
- Adults weighing 50 kg or more: 31.5 mg or 2 spray in each nostril every 6 to 8 hours. Your doctor may adjust your dose if needed. However, the dose is not more than 126 mg (a total of 8 sprays) per day.
- Older adults and adults weighing less than 50 kg:15.75 mg or 1 spray in only one nostril every 6 to 8 hours. However, the dose is usually not more than 63 mg (a total of 4 sprays) per day.
- Children: Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
Side Effects
Commonly occurring side-effects are nausea, vomiting, gastro intestinal bleeding,melaena, peptic ulcer, pancreatitis, anxiety, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, hallucinations,excessive thirst, inability to concentrate, insomnia, malaise, fatigue, pruritus, urticaria, skin photosensitivity, Lyell's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, flushing, bradycardia, hypertension, palpitations, chest pain, infertility in female, dyspnoea, asthma, pulmonary oedema, fever, injection site pain.
Toxicity
The rate of adverse effects increases with higher doses of ketorolac. The most frequently observed adverse effects in patients occurring with an incidence of greater than 10% include: abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, and headaches. Most adverse effects associated with short term use are mild in nature, related to the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, and occur in roughly 39% of patients. Common symptoms of ketorolac overdose include nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, lethargy and drowsiness. More rare symptoms of overdose include acute renal failure, hypertension, respiratory depression, and coma.
Repopain is classified as Pregnancy Category C since there is a lack of evidence demonstrating safety in pregnant women. NSAIDs including ketorolac increase the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus in the 3rd trimester; therefore, beginning at 30 weeks gestation, pregnant women should avoid ketorolac.
Repopain has been shown to be excreted in breast milk, and although available data has not demonstrated any adverse effects in nursing infants, practitioners should proceed with caution when suggesting ketorolac for nursing mothers. The benefits should outweigh the risks and the mother should be counselled to monitor the infant closely and to contact the infant's healthcare provider should any adverse effects arise.
Women who are trying to conceive are not advised to take ketorolac since it's effect on prostaglandin synthesis may impair fertility.
Precaution
Patients over the age of 65 years may be at a greater risk of experiencing adverse events than younger patients. Repopain tromethamine can cause gastro-intestinal irritation, ulcers or bleeding in patients with or without a history of previous symptoms. Bronchospasm may be precipitated in patients with a history of asthma. Since ketorolac tromethamine and its metabolites are excreted primarily by the kidney, patients with moderate to severe impairment of renal function (serum creatinine greater than 160 micromol/l) should not receive. Fluid retention and oedema have been reported with the use of Repopain tromethamine.
Interaction
Repopain tromethamine should not be used with other NSAIDs or in patients receiving aspirin because of the potential for additive side effects. Care should be taken when administering Repopain tromethamine with anti-coag ulants since co-administration may cause an enhanced anti-coagulant effect. Repopain tromethamine and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the anti hypertensive effect of beta-blockers and may increase the risk of renal impairment when administered concurrently with ACE inhibitors, particularly in volume depleted patients. Caution is advised when methotrexate is administered concurrently, since some prostaglandin synthesis inhibiting drugs have been reported to reduce the clearance of methotrexate, and thus possibly enhance its toxicity. Probenecid should not be administered concurrently with ketorolac tromethamine because of increases in ketorolac plasma level and half-life.
Food Interaction
- Take with food. Food reduces GI irritation.
Repopain Alcohol interaction
[Moderate] GENERALLY AVOID:
The concurrent use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ethanol may lead to gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss.
The mechanism may be due to a combined local effect as well as inhibition of prostaglandins leading to decreased integrity of the GI lining.
Patients should be counseled on this potential interaction and advised to refrain from alcohol consumption while taking aspirin or NSAIDs.
Repopain Hypertension interaction
[Major] Fluid retention and edema have been reported in association with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Therapy with NSAIDs should be administered cautiously in patients with preexisting fluid retention, hypertension, or a history of heart failure.
Blood pressure and cardiovascular status should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy.
Hypertension interaction[Moderate] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including topicals, can lead to new onset of hypertension or worsening of preexisting hypertension, either of which can contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
NSAIDs should be used with caution in patients with hypertension.
Blood pressure should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID therapy and throughout the course of therapy.
Repopain Drug Interaction
Moderate: duloxetine, duloxetineUnknown: diphenhydramine, diphenhydramine, albuterol / ipratropium, albuterol / ipratropium, lvp solution, lvp solution, cyclobenzaprine, cyclobenzaprine, pregabalin, pregabalin, acetaminophen / hydrocodone, acetaminophen / hydrocodone, acetaminophen, acetaminophen, cyanocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, cholecalciferol, cholecalciferol
Repopain Disease Interaction
Major: GI toxicity, platelet aggregation inhibition, renal dysfunction, asthma, fluid retention, rash, thrombosisModerate: anemia, heart failure, hepatotoxicity, hyperkalemia, hypertension
Volume of Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of ketorolac in healthy human subjects is 0.25 L/kg or less.
Elimination Route
Repopain is rapidly, and completely absorbed after oral administration with a bioavailability of 80% after oral administration. Cmax is attained 20-60 minutes after administration, and after intramuscular administration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) is proportional to the dose administered.
After intramuscular administration, ketorolac demonstrates a time to maximal plasma concentration (tmax) of approximately 45-50 minutes, and a tmax of 30-40 minutes after oral administration. The rate of absorption may be reduced by food; however, the extent of absorption remains unaffected.
Half Life
Repopain tromethamine is administered as a racemic mixture, therefore the half-life of each enantiomer must be considered. The half life of the S-enantiomer is ~2.5 hours, while the half life of the R-enantiomer is ~5 hours. Based on this data, the S enantiomer is cleared about twice as fast as the R enantiomer.
Clearance
The plasma clearance of ketorolac is 0.021 to 0.037 L/h/kg. Further, studies have illustrated that clearance of oral, IM and IV doses of ketorolac are comparable which suggests linear kinetics. It should also be noted that clearance in children is about double the clearance found in adults.
Elimination Route
Repopain is primarily renally eliminated and approximately 92% of the dose can be recovered in the urine with 60% of this proportion recovered unchanged, and 40% recovered as metabolites. In addition 6% of a single dose is eliminated in the feces.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Safety in human pregnancy has not been established. Repopain has been detected in human milk at low levels. Repopain is therefore contraindicated during pregnancy, labour or delivery, or in mothers who are breast feeding.
Contraindication
Repopain Tromethamine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs and any of the components of Repopain Tromethamine. Moreover, the patient with the history of asthma, nasal polyp, angioedema, peptic ulcer and bleeding, bleeding disorders are contraindicated for this drug.
Acute Overdose
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, peptic ulceration, erosive gastritis and renal dysfunction.
Management: Symptomatic and supportive treatment. Consider gastric lavage or admin of activated charcoal within 1 hr of ingestion.
Storage Condition
Tablet & injection should be store in a cool & dry place, protect from light & moisture.
Innovators Monograph
You find simplified version here Repopain
FAQ
What is the Repopain used for?
Repopain is used short-term (5 days or less) to treat moderate to severe pain.Repopain works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.
What are the side effects of Repopain?
Repopain may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- headache.
- dizziness.
- drowsiness.
- diarrhea.
- constipation.
- gas.
- sores in the mouth.
- sweating.
How safe is Repopain?
Repopain has side effects that can be very dangerous. The risk of having a serious side effect increases with the dose of Repopain and with the length of treatment. Therefore,Repopain should not be used for more than 5 days.
Can I drink alcohol with Repopain?
Avoid drinking alcohol. Repopain may increase your risk of stomach bleeding.
Can I drive after taking Repopain?
Repopain may cause some people to become dizzy or drowsy. If either of these side effects occurs, do not drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not alert.
Can Repopain cause high blood pressure?
Repopain can cause increased blood pressure, which may contribute to other heart conditions.
Does Repopain help with nerve pain?
Repopain is not commonly used to treat neuropathic pain, as NSAIDs have limited evidence in the management of neuropathic pain.
Is Repopain strong for pain?
Repopain is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for short-term management (up to 5 days) of moderately severe pain that otherwise might require use of narcotics.Repopain should not be used for minor or chronic pain.
Is Repopain safe during pregnancy?
Avoid use during third trimester of pregnancy.Prior to third trimester: Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Is Repopain safe during breastfeeding?
The FDA has placed a “Black Box” warning on Repopain, stating that drug is contraindicated during breastfeeding because of the potential adverse effects of prostaglandin-inhibiting drugs on neonates.
How do you administer Repopain?
Repopain injection comes as a solution (liquid) to inject intramuscularly (into a muscle) or intravenously (into a vein).Repopain is usually given every 6 hours on a schedule or as needed for pain by a healthcare provider in a hospital or medical office.
DoesRepopain reduce swelling?
Repopain helps to decrease swelling, pain, or fever.Repopain should not be used for mild or long-term painful conditions (such as arthritis).
How many dayes can I take Repopain?
In humans ,Repopain is not used for more than 5 days.
Why is Repopain limited to 5 days?
Because of the high likelihood of developing severe side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding, perforating ulcers, and coagulation disorders.
Can I take Tylenol with Repopain?
D not take acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol) together with Repopain for more than a few days, unless otherwise directed by your medical doctor or dentist.
Will Repopain help with a toothache?
It is concluded that, in this pain model, 10 mg of Repopain affords better pain relief with fewer side effects than hydrocodone/acetaminophen.
Will Repopain help with a toothache?
It is concluded that, in this pain model, 10 mg of Repopain affords better pain relief with fewer side effects than hydrocodone/acetaminophen.
Is Repopain good for back pain?
Based on comparable efficacy and a superior adverse event profile, Repopain was preferable to acetaminophen with codeine for the treatment of acute low back pain.