Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler)
Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Salbutamol is a selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist. At therapeutic doses, it acts on the beta2-adrenoceptors of bronchial smooth muscle, with little or no action on the ß1-adrenoceptors of cardiac muscle. Salbutamol provides short acting (4-6 hours) bronchodilatation with a fast onset (within 5 minutes) in reversible airways obstruction. It also has an anti-inflammatory effect on mast cells causing inhibition of release of bronchoconstrictor mediators including histamine, neutrophil chemotactive factor (NCF) and prostaglandin D2.
Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN), a moderately selective beta(2)-receptor agonist similar in structure to terbutaline, is widely used as a bronchodilator to manage asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases. The R-isomer, levalbuterol, is responsible for bronchodilation while the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity. The R-enantiomer is available and sold in its pure form as levalbuterol and subsequently may produce fewer side-effects with only the R-enantiomer present - although this has not been formally demonstrated.
After oral and parenteral administration, stimulation of the beta receptors in the body, both beta-1 and beta-2, occurs because (a) beta-2 selectivity is not absolute, and (b) higher concentrations of salbutamol occur in the regions of these receptors with these modes of administration. This results in the beta-1 effect of cardiac stimulation, though not so much as with isoprenaline, and beta-2 effects of peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension, skeletal muscle tremor, and uterine muscle relaxation.
Metabolic effects such as hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia also may occur, although it is not known whether these effects are mediated by beta-1 or beta-2 receptors. The serum potassium levels have a tendency to fall.
| Trade Name | Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) |
| Generic | Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) |
| Type | |
| Therapeutic Class | Combined bronchodilators |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | Bangladesh |
| Last Updated: | September 24, 2024 at 5:38 am |
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Uses
This inhalation aerosol is indicated for use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on a regular aerosol bronchodilator who continues to have evidence of bronchospasm and who requires a second bronchodilator.Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Asthma, Asthmatic Bronchitis, Bronchial Asthma, Bronchospasm, Chronic Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Cough, Emphysema, Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm, Hyperkalemia, Wheezing, Excess mucus or phlegm, Airway secretion clearance therapy, Bronchodilation
How Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) works
In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have shown that salbutamol has a preferential effect on beta2-adrenergic receptors compared with isoproterenol. Although beta2 adrenoceptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1 adrenoceptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-adrenoceptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenoceptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but their presence raises the possibility that even selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects.
Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenyl cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). This increase of cyclic AMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A, which inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentrations, resulting in relaxation. Salbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Salbutamol acts as a functional antagonist to relax the airway irrespective of the spasmogen involved, thus protecting against all bronchoconstrictor challenges. Increased cyclic AMP concentrations are also associated with the inhibition of release of mediators from mast cells in the airway.
Salbutamol has been shown in most controlled clinical trials to have more effect on the respiratory tract, in the form of bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, than isoproterenol at comparable doses while producing fewer cardiovascular effects. Controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs, can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes.
A measurable decrease in airway resistance is typically observed within 5 to 15 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol. The maximum improvement in pulmonary function usually occurs 60 to 90 minutes after salbutamol treatment, and significant bronchodilator activity has been observed to persist for 3 to 6 hours.
Dosage
Salbutamol + Ipratropium (Inhaler) dosage
Adult dose (Including the elderly): 2 puffs of Salpium 4 times a day (Patients may take additional puffs as required but a total number of puffs should not exceed 12 in 24 hours). Or as directed by the physician. Using an Inhaler seems simple, but most patients do not know how to use it in the right way. If the Inhaler is used in the wrong way, less medicine can reach the lungs. Correct and regular use of the Inhaler will prevent or lessen the severity of asthma attacks. Following simple steps can help to use Inhaler effectively (According to "National Asthma Guidelines for Medical Practitioners" published by Asthma Association): Take off the cap. Shake the inhaler (at least six times) vigorously before each use. If the inhaler is new or if it has not been used for a week or more, shake it well and release one puff into the air to make sure that it works. Breathe out as full as comfortably possible & hold the inhaler upright. Place the actuator into mouth between the teeth and close lips around the mouthpiece. While breathing deeply and slowly through the mouth, press down firmly add fully on the canister to release medicine. Remove the inhaler from mouth. Continue holding breath for at least for 10 seconds or as long as it is comfortable. If doctor has prescribed more than one inhalation per treatment, wait 1 minute between puffs (inhalations). Shake the inhaler well and repeat steps 4 to 7. After use, replace the cap on the mouthpiece. After each treatment, rinse mouth with water. Check your technique in front of a mirror from time to time, if you see a white mist during the inhalation, you may not have closed your lips properly around mouthpiece, or you may not be breathing in as you press the can. This indicates failure of technique. If this happens, repeat the procedure from step 4 carefully. Instructions for Cleaning Inhaler: Clean your Inhaler at least once a week. Remove canister and rinse the plastic actuator and cap in warm water but do not put the metal canister into water. Dry the actuator and cap thoroughly and gently replace the metal canister into the actuator with a twisting motion. Put the cap on the mouthpiece.Side Effects
Due to presence of Salbutamol, mild tremor and headache have been reported. These usually disappear with continuous treatment. There have been very rare reports of treatments muscle cramp, hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema, urticaria, bronchospasm and hypotension. For the presence of Ipratropium Bromide headache, influenza, chest pain, nausea, dyspnea, coughing, pharyngitis, sinusitis are rarely reported.Toxicity
The expected signs and symptoms with overdosage of albuterol are those of excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and/or occurrence or exaggeration of any of the signs and symptoms of beta-adrenergic stimulation (e.g., seizures, angina, hypertension or hypotension, tachycardia with rates up to 200 beats/min, arrhythmias, nervousness, headache, tremor, muscle cramps, dry mouth, palpitation, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, insomnia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis). In particular, the signs of salbutamol overdosage are significant tachycardia and/or significant muscle tremor.
Hypokalaemia may occur following overdosage with salbutamol. Serum potassium levels should be monitored.
Lactic acidosis has been reported in association with high therapeutic doses as well as overdoses of short-acting beta-agonist therapy, therefore monitoring for elevated serum lactate and consequent metabolic acidosis (particularly if there is persistence or worsening of tachypnea despite resolution of other signs of bronchospasm such as wheezing) may be indicated in the setting of overdose.
Salbutamol is categorized as Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled trials with salbutamolc or albuterol sulfate in pregnant women. During worldwide marketing experience, various congenital anomalies, including cleft palate and limb defects, have been reported in the offspring of patients being treated with salbutamol. Some of the mothers were taking multiple medications during their pregnancies. No consistent pattern of defects can be discerned, and a relationship between salbutamol use and congenital anomalies has not been established. Animal reproduction studies in mice and rabbits revealed evidence of teratogenicity. Salbutamol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetusLabel]. Women should be advised to contact their physicians if they become pregnant while taking salbutamol.
Since there exists a potential for beta-agonist interference with uterine contractility, the use of salbutamol during labour should be restricted to those patients in whom the benefits clearly outweigh the risk.
Plasma levels of albuterol sulfate and HFA-134a after inhaled therapeutic doses are very low in humans, but it is not known whether the components of salbutamol are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for albuterol in animal studies and lack of experience with the use of salbutamol by nursing mothers, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Caution should be exercised when salbutamol is administered to a nursing woman.
The safety and effectiveness of salbutamol in children younger than 4 years of age has not yet been established.
Clinical trials of VENTOLIN HFA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether older subjects respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
The LD50 value was determined to be 1100 mg/kg (orally in mice).
Precaution
Salbutamol should be used with caution in patients with hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular disease, occlusive vascular disorders, hypertension and aneurysms. Hypokalaemia associated with high doses of Salbutamol may result in increased susceptibility to digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmia. Tachyphylaxis with resistance may occur with prolonged use of high dosage. Care is necessary when treating patients with diabetes mellitus or closed-angle glaucoma, and in those receiving antihypertensive therapy.
Salbutamol should be administered cautiously to patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis. In the event of previously effective dose of salbuatmol inhaler failing to give relief for at least three hours, the patient should be advised to seek medical advice in order that any necessary additional steps may be taken.
The management of asthma should normally a stepwise programme, and patient response should be monitored clinically and by lung function test. Increasing use of short acting inhaled agonists to control symptoms indicates deterioration of asthma control. Under these conditions, the patient’s therapy plan should be reassessed. Sudden and progressive deterioration in asthma control is potentially life threatening and consideration should be given to starting or increasing corticosteroid therapy. In patients considered at risk, daily peak flow monitoring may be instituted. Patients inhaler techinique should be checked to make sure that aerosl actuation is synchronized with inspiration of breath for optimum delivery of the drugs to the lungs.
Interaction
This inhalation aerosol has been used concomitantly with other drugs, including sympathomimetic bronchodilators, methylxanthines and steroids, commonly used in the treatment of COPD. No formal drug interaction studies have been performed with this inhalation aerosol and these or other medications commonly used in the treatment of COPD. Ipratropium Bromide should be co-administered cautiously with other anticholinergic agents and sympathomimetic agents, which may increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. Beta-2-agonist containing drugs, like this inhalation aerosol, should be administrated with extreme caution in patients with non-potassium sparing diuretics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants.Volume of Distribution
The volume of distribution recorded for intravenously administered salbutamol has been recorded as 156 +/- 38 L.
Elimination Route
Following inhalation, salbutamol acts topically on bronchial smooth muscle and the drug is initially undetectable in the blood. After 2 to 3 hours low concentrations are seen, due presumably to the portion of the dose which is swallowed and absorbed in the gut.
In particular, the systemic levels of salbutamol are low after inhalation of recommended doses. A trial conducted in 12 healthy male and female subjects using a higher dose (1,080 mcg of albuterol base) showed that mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately 3 ng/mL occurred after dosing when salbutamol was delivered using propellant HFA-134a. The mean time to peak concentrations (Tmax) was delayed after administration of VENTOLIN (salbutamol) HFA (Tmax = 0.42 hours) as compared with CFC-propelled salbutamol inhaler (Tmax = 0.17 hours).
Half Life
The elimination half-life of inhaled or oral salbutamol has been recorded as being between 2.7 and 5 hours while the apparent terminal plasma half-life of albuterol has been documented as being approximately 4.6 hours.
Clearance
The renal clearance of salbutamol has been documented as 272 +/- 38 ml/min after oral administration and 291 +/- 70 ml/min after intravenous administration. Furthermore, the renal clearance of the predominant sulfate conjugate metabolite was recorded as 98.5 +/- 23.5 ml/min following oral administration.
Elimination Route
After oral administration, 58-78% of the dose is excreted in the urine in 24 hours, approximately 60% as metabolites. A small fraction is excreted in the feces.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Ipratropium Bromide: Pregnancy category B. Studies have demonstrated no teratogenic effects as a result of ipratropium. Salbutamol: Pregnancy category C. Salbutamol has been shown to be teratogenic in animals.There are, however no adequate and well-controlled studies of Salpium Inhalation Aerosol (Salbutamol and Ipratropium Bromide combination) in pregnant woman. This inhalation aerosol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk of the fetus. It is not known whether the components of the Salpium InhalationAerosol are excreted in human milk. As many drugs are excreted in human milk, Salpium should be cautiously administered to a nursing mother.Contraindication
This inhalation aerosol is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to Soya-Lecithin or related food products such as soybean and peanut. This inhalation aerosol is also contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to any other components of the drug product or to atropine or its derivatives.Special Warning
This inhalation aerosol contains Ipratropium Bromide and, therefore, should be used with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy or bladder-neck obstruction. Preparations containing sympathomimetic amines such as Salbutamol Sulphate should be used with caution in patients with convulsive disorders, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and in patients who are unusually responsive to sympathomimetic amines.Acute Overdose
The effects of overdosage are expected to be related primarily to Salbutamol Sulphate. Manifestations of overdosage with Salbutamol may include anginal pain, hypertension, hypokalemia and tachycardia.Storage Condition
Do not puncture, break or incinerate the pressurized canister even when apparently empty. Avoid storage in direct sunlight or heat. Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children. Keep away from eyes.Innovators Monograph
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