Somatosan

Somatosan Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Somatosan is a polypetide obtained synthetically or from the hypothalamus. It acts by inhibiting the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. It also inhibits the release of thyrotrophin and corticotropin from the pituitary, glucagon and insulin from the pancreas. It also regulates duodenal and gastric secretions. It may also play a role in pain perception.

Somatosan is an endogenous peptide hormone that is secreted by the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, retina, peripheral neurons and pancreatic D cells of the islets of Langerhans. It exhibits several biological roles but predominantly exerts an inhibitory effect on secretion of other hormones and transmitters . While distribution of two active isoforms of somatostatin is similar, SST-14 is more predominant in the enteric neurons and peripheral nerves whereas SST-28 is more prominent in the retina and intestinal mucosal cells .

Anterior pituitary gland and brain: It inhibits the release of growth hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones, such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotrophin, from the anterior pituitary while inhibiting the release of dopamine from the midbrain, norepinephrine, TRH and corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the brain .

Pancreas: In the pancreas, somatostatin reduces the secretion of glucagon and insulin as well as bicarbonate ions and other enzymes .

Trade Name Somatosan
Generic Somatostatin
Somatostatin Other Names Somatostatin, Somatostatina, Somatostatine, Somatostatinum
Weight 3mg
Type Injection
Formula C76H104N18O19S2
Weight Average: 1637.9
Monoisotopic: 1636.716655549
Protein binding

This pharmacokinetic data is irrelevant.

Groups Approved, Investigational
Therapeutic Class Growth hormone antagonist
Manufacturer Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd, Agp (private) Ltd,
Available Country India, Pakistan
Last Updated: September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am
Somatosan
Somatosan

How Somatosan works

Somatosan binds to 5 subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), which are all Gi-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors that inhibits adenylyl cyclase upon activation . By inhibiting intracellular cyclic AMP and Ca2+ and by a receptor-linked distal effect on exocytosis, SSTRs block cell secretion . The common pathway shared by the receptors involve the activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) . With the exception of SSTR3, activation of SSTRs lead to activation of voltage-gated potassium channels accompanied by increased K+ currents. This result in membrane hyperpolarization and inhibits depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels . Depending on the receptor subtype, signalling cascades involve activation of other downstream targets such as Na+/H+ exchanger, Rho GTPase, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) . SSTRs 1 to 4 bind both somatostatin isoforms with equal nanomolar binding affinity whereas SSTR5 exhibits a 5- to 10-fold higher binding affinity for SST-28 .

Effects of SSTR1: Upon biding of somatostatin and activation, SSTR1 mediates an antisecretory effect on growth hormone, prolactin and calcitonin .

Effects of SSTR2: SSTR2 subtype dominates in endocrine tissues. By binding to SST2 receptors, somatostatin exerts paracrine inhibitory actions on gastrin release from G cells, histamine release from ECL cells, and directly on parietal cell acid output . SSTR2 receptor signalling cascades also inhibit the secretion of growth hormone and that of adrenocorticotropin, glucagon, insulin, and interferon-γ .

Effects of SSTR3: Activation of these receptors lead to reduction in cell proliferation . SSTR3 triggers PTP-dependent cell apoptosis accompanied by activation of p53 and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax . A study of the matrigel sponge assay suggests that through SSTR3-mediated inhibition of both NOS and MAPK activities may lead to the antitumor effects of somatostatin in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis .

Effects of SSTR4: The functions of SSTR4 remain largely unknown .

Effects of SSTR5: Like SSTR2, SSTR5 subtype also predominates in endocrine tissues. Upon activation, SSTR5 signalling cascades exert an inhibitory action on growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 as well as the secretion of amylase .

The presence of somatostatin receptors has been identified in most neuroendocrine tumours, endocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors, paragangliomas, pheochromocytomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and small cell lung carcinomas . The antitumor effects of somatostatin were also effective in various malignant lymphomas and breast tumours . Gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK), as well as growth hormones and growth factors are thought to be elevated in gastrointestinal tract and neuroendocrine tumours and are inhibited by somatostatin . In vitro, somatostatin inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis and replication following which suggest that somatostatin may have direct anti-proliferative effects via SSTR signalling . Acromegaly is characterized as the endocrine disorder caused by a functioning tumour of cells that secrete growth hormone from the anterior pituitary . Somatosan analogue therapies serve to normalize the elevated levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and attenuate tumour growth.

In the vascular system this likely produces vasoconstriction by inhibiting adenylate cyclase leading to a lowering the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the endothelial cells which ultimately blocks vasodilation through this pathway. This vasoconstriction is though the be responsible for reducing blood flow to the esophageal tissues and so reduces bleeding from esophageal varices .

Somatosan mediates an analgesic activity by reducing vascular and nociceptive components of inflammation . Studies indicate that somatostatin may be present in nociceptive DRG neurons with C-fibers and primary afferent neurons to inhibit the release of transmitters at the presynaptic junctions of the sensory-efferent nerve terminals . Exogenous somatostatin has shown to inhibit the release of Substance P from central and peripheral nerve ending .

Dosage

Somatosan dosage

Initially, 250 mcg as a bolus inj over 3-5 min, followed by a continuous infusion of 3.5 mcg/kg/hr until bleeding has ceased. May continue for a further 48-72 hr to prevent recurrent bleeding.

Side Effects

Rapid infusion may lead to abdominal discomfort, nausea, flushing, bradycardia.

Toxicity

Data is not available.

Precaution

Monitor blood glucose levels. May inhibit intestinal absorption thus concomitant parenteral nutrition may be recommended.

Interaction

Propranolol, phentolamine, barbiturates, pentetrazol.

Food Interaction

No interactions found.

Volume of Distribution

This pharmacokinetic data is irrelevant.

Elimination Route

This pharmacokinetic data is irrelevant.

Half Life

The half-life of endogenous somatostatin is 1-3 minutes due to rapid degradation by peptidase enzymes present in the plasma and tissues .

Clearance

Following intravenous administration of 3H-labeld endogenous somatostatin, the total body clearance was approximately 50 mL/min . In man, the value was calculated to be as high as 3000 mL/minutes, which is greatly exceeds the hepatic blood flow. This suggests that rapid enzymatic breakdown in the circulation and other tissues serves as a critical route of elimination .

Elimination Route

As a polypeptide chain, somatostatin is primarily eliminated via metabolism by peptidase enzymes .

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category B. Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.

Contraindication

Pregnancy & lactation. Childn <16 yr (severe indication).

Innovators Monograph

You find simplified version here Somatosan

Somatosan contains Somatostatin see full prescribing information from innovator Somatosan Monograph, Somatosan MSDS, Somatosan FDA label

FAQ

What is Somatosan used for?

Somatosan used to treat acute bleeding from esophageal varices, gastrointestinal ulcers, and gastritis; prevent pancreatic complications after surgery; and restrict secretions of the upper intestine, pancreas, and biliary tract.

How safe is Somatosan?

Somatosan analogs is generally well tolerated. Transitory adverse events frequently seen after initiating Somatosan analog treatment include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, steatorrhea, nausea, and bloating.

What are the common side effects of Somatosan?

The common side effects of Somatosan are include :

  • gallbladder problems,
  • slow heart rate,
  • irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias),
  • diarrhea,
  • nausea,
  • stomach pain,
  • vomiting,
  • gas (flatulence),
  • abnormal stools,
  • stomach distention,
  • constipation,
  • low and high blood glucose,
  • low thyroid levels,
  • headache, and
  • injection site pain.

Does Somatosan increase blood pressure?

During Somatosan infusion, the mean blood pressure  remained unaffected in all patients with EH and the normotensive subjects, while the PRA decreased slightly in the EH group.

Is Somatosan safe in pregnancy?

Most of the limited experience with administration of octreotide during pregnancy comes from women being treated for acromegaly, and treatment with octreotide during pregnancy in these cases is generally considered safe.

Is Somatosan safe during breastfeeding?

A pregnant woman with acromegaly started long-acting octreotide 10 mg monthly at 12 weeks gestation. After delivery, she breastfeed her until 6 weeks postpartum when she required an increase in Somatosan LAR to 20 mg monthly. She continued to breastfeed successfully on Somatosan.

What is the function of Somatosan?

Somatosan is a hormone that many different tissues produce, but it is found primarily in the nervous and digestive systems. The primary function of Somatosan is to prevent the production of other hormones and also stop the unnatural rapid reproduction of cells such as those that may occur in tumors.

Does Somatosan inhibit insulin?

Somatosan potently inhibits insulin and glucagon release from pancreatic islets.

Does somatostatin increase blood glucose?

These results show that Somatosan lowers blood glucose concentrations as a secondary effect of inhibition of glucagon secretion. Somatosan is not suitable for therapy in diabetes.

What is Somatosan secreted by?

In the pancreas, Somatosan is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans, where it serves to block the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from adjacent cells. Insulin, glucagon, and Somatosan act in concert to control the flow of nutrients into and out of the circulation.

What causes high Somatosan?

Excessive Somatosan levels in the bloodstream may be caused by a rare endocrine tumour that produces Somatosan, called a 'somatostatinoma'. Too much Somatosan results in extreme reduction in secretion of many endocrine hormones.

How do I test for Somatosan?

Your doctor will usually start the diagnosis process with a fasting blood test. This test checks for an elevated Somatosan level.

How Somatosan causes diarrhea?

Diarrhea and steatorrhea are common symptoms of pancreatic somatostatin tumors and contribute to weight loss. In most patients, hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria occurs because of inhibited gastric acid secretion.

What type of protein is Somatosan?

Somatosan is an endogenous cyclic polypeptide with two biologically active forms. It is an abundant neuropeptide and has a wide range of physiological effects on neurotransmission, secretion and cell proliferation.

What is the half life of Somatosan?

Its half-life is between 1 to 3 minutes.Somatosan produces predominantly neuroendocrine inhibitory effects across multiple systems.

What is long-acting Somatosan?

A long-acting Somatosan analogue  is used in the management of a diazoxide-unresponsive diffuse form of congenital hyperinsulinism.

How do I give Somatosan?

Somatosan continuous infusion of 3.5 mcg/kg/hr until bleeding has ceased. May continue for a further 48-72 hr to prevent recurrent bleeding. Monitor blood glucose levels.

Does Somatosan activate gastric motility?

Moreover, SS exerts inhibitory effects on various gastrointestinal functions, including gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying, intestinal motility, and release of various gastrointestinal hormones.

How does Somatosan regulate blood sugar?

Somatosan blocks the production of insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood sugar levels.Somatosan  increases when either glucagon or insulin levels get too high.

What happens if I overdose dose of Somatosan?

Seek emergency medical attention. Overdose symptoms may include severe upper stomach pain, diarrhea, weight loss, warmth or tingling, numbness or cold feeling, unexplained muscle pain, weakness, weak pulse, fainting, or slow breathing (breathing may stop).

What happens if I miss a dose?

Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose.

*** Taking medicines without doctor's advice can cause long-term problems.
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