Syscopene

Syscopene Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.

Benfotiamine has been investigated for the treatment and prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy and Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2.

Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).

Oral administration of beta-carotene increases the serum concentration of beta-carotene by 60% but it does not change the concentration found in the heart, liver or kidneys. In vitro studies in hepatocytes have shown that beta-carotene ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity and decreases apoptosis.

Other than the antioxidant activities, some other actions have been correlated to beta-carotene. It is thought to have detoxifying properties, as well as to help increase resistance to inflammation and infection and increase immune response and enhance RNA production.

Inositol is a collection of nine different stereoisomers but the name is usually used to describe only the most common type of inositol, myo-inositol. Myo-inositol is the cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol and it is prepared from an aqueous extract of corn kernels by precipitation and hydrolysis of crude phytate. These molecules have structural similarities to glucose and are involved in cellular signaling. It is considered a pseudovitamin as it is a molecule that does not qualify to be an essential vitamin because even though its presence is vital in the body, a deficiency in this molecule does not translate into disease conditions. Inositol can be found as an ingredient of OTC products by Health Canada but all current product whose main ingredient is inositol are discontinued. By the FDA, inositol is considered in the list of specific substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Inositol can stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells which allows the decrease in blood sugar levels. This effect is later seen as a reduction in urine glucose concentration and indicates a decrease in high blood sugar levels.

In PCOS, the administration of inositol has produced the remission of symptoms as well as a reduction in male hormone secretion, a regulation of the cholesterol level, and a more efficient fat breakdown which allow to a significant reduction on body mass and appetite.

Lycopene is a naturally occuring red carotenoid pigment that is responsible in red to pink colors seen in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and other foods . Having a chemical formula of C40H56, lycopene is a tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units that are solely composed of carbon and hydrogen. Lycophene may undergo extensive isomerization that allows 1056 theoretical cis-trans configurations; however the all-trans configuration of lycopene is the most predominant isomer found in foods that gives the red hue. Lycopene is a non-essential human nutrient that is classified as a non-provitamin A carotenoid pigment since it lacks a terminal beta ionone ring and does not mediate vitamin A activity. However lycophene is a potent antioxidant molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet oxygen. Tomato lycopene extract is used as a color additive in food products.

Mecobalamin is the neurologically active form of vitamin B12 and occurs as a water-soluble vitamin in the body. It is a cofactor in the enzyme methionine synthase, which functions to transfer methyl groups for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. In anaemia, it increases erythrocyte production by promoting nucleic acid synthesis in the bone marrow and by promoting maturation and division of erythrocytes.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, short stature, hypogonadism, impaired wound healing, and geophagia. It is identified by the symbol Zn .

A newer study suggests implies that an imbalance of zinc is associated with the neuronal damage associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizures .

Understanding the mechanisms that control brain zinc homeostasis is, therefore, imperative to the development of preventive and treatment regimens for these and other neurological disorders .

Syscopene
Uses
Dosage
Side Effect
Precautions
Interactions
Uses during Pregnancy
Uses during Breastfeeding
Accute Overdose
Food Interaction
Half Life
Volume of Distribution
Clearance
Interaction With other Medicine
Contradiction
Storage

Trade Name	Syscopene
Generic	Zinc + Lycopene + Vitamin B6 / Pyridoxine + Benfotiamine + Niacinamide + Vitamin B9 / Folic Acid / Folate + Mecobalamin + Beta Carotene + Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol + Inositol + Sodium Selenite
Weight	15mg
Type	Capsule
Therapeutic Class
Manufacturer	Syscutis Healthcare Pvt Ltd
Available Country	India
Last Updated:	September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am

Uses

Benfotiamine is a derivative of thiamine thought to be useful in the management of diabetic neuropathy, although evidence is lacking.

Beta carotene is a vitamin A precursor found in various nutritional supplements and health products.

Beta-carotene is FDA approved to be used as a nutrient supplement and to be even added in infant formula as a source of vitamin A. It is also approved to be used as a color additive for food products, drugs (with the label of "only as a color additive") and cosmetics.

It is used commonly for the reduction of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.

Inositol is an ingredient found in a variety of nutritional products.

Inositol may be used in food without any limitation. As a drug, inositol is used as a nutrient supplement in special dietary foods and infant formula. As it presents a relevant role in ensuring oocyte fertility, inositol has been studied for its use in the management of polycystic ovaries. Inositol is also being researched for the treatment of diabetes, prevention of metabolic syndrome, aid agent for weight loss, treatment of depression, psychiatric disorder and anxiety disorder and for prevention of cancer.

Lycopene is an ingredient found in a variety of supplements and vitamins.

Mecobalamin is used for-

Peripheral Neuropathies
Diabetic Neuropathy
Verteberal Syndrome
Nerve Compression Syndrome
Multiple sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Entrapment neuropathy
Drug induced neuropathy
Megaloblastic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency

Zinc is an essential element commonly used for the treatment of patients with documented zinc deficiency.

Zinc can be used for the treatment and prevention of zinc deficiency/its consequences, including stunted growth and acute diarrhea in children, and slowed wound healing. It is also utilized for boosting the immune system, treating the common cold and recurrent ear infections, as well as preventing lower respiratory tract infections .

Syscopene is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Thiamine DeficiencyDeficiency, Vitamin A, Nutritional supplementationNutritional supplementationVitamin B12 Deficiency, Nutritional supplementationCandidiasis, Common Cold, Diaper Dermatitis, Diaper Rash, Eye redness, Iron Deficiency (ID), Ocular Irritation, Skin Irritation, Sunburn, Wilson's Disease, Zinc Deficiency, Dietary and Nutritional Therapies, Dietary supplementation

How Syscopene works

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that presents significant efficacy against the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen. Beta-carotene acts as a scavenger of lipophilic radicals within the membranes of every cell compartments. It also presents an oxidative modification of LDL. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds is responsible for its antioxidative properties by allowing beta-carotene to chelate oxygen-free radicals and dissipate their energy. The chelation of free radicals inhibits the peroxidation of lipids.

The effect of beta-carotene in the immune response is thought to be related to the direct effect on the thymus which increases the production of immune cells.

The mechanism of action of inositol in brain disorders is not fully understood but it is thought that it may be involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and it is a precursor to the phosphatidylinositol cycle. The change that occurs in the cycle simulates when the postsynaptic receptor is activated but without activating the receptor. This activity provokes a fake activation which regulated the activity of monoamines and other neurotransmitters.

Reports have shown that insulin resistance plays a key role in the clinical development of PCOS. The presence of hyperinsulinemia can induce an excess in androgen production by stimulating ovaries to produce androgens and by reducing the sex hormone binding globulin serum levels. One of the mechanisms of insulin deficiency is thought to be related to a deficiency in inositol in the inositolphosphoglycans. The administration of inositol allows it to act as a direct messenger of the insulin signaling and improves glucose tissue uptake. This mechanism is extrapolated to its functions in diabetes treatment, metabolic syndrome, and weight loss.

In cancer, the mechanism of action of inositol is not fully understood. It is hypothesized that the administration of inositol increases the level of lower-phosphate inositol phosphates why can affect cycle regulation, growth, and differentiation of malignant cells. On the other hand, the formation of inositol hexaphosphate after administration of inositol presents antioxidant characteristics by the chelation of ferric ions and suppression of hydroxyl radicals.

Zinc has three primary biological roles: catalytic, structural, and regulatory. The catalytic and structural role of zinc is well established, and there are various noteworthy reviews on these functions. For example, zinc is a structural constituent in numerous proteins, inclusive of growth factors, cytokines, receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors for different cellular signaling pathways. It is implicated in numerous cellular processes as a cofactor for approximately 3000 human proteins including enzymes, nuclear factors, and hormones .

Zinc promotes resistance to epithelial apoptosis through cell protection (cytoprotection) against reactive oxygen species and bacterial toxins, likely through the antioxidant activity of the cysteine-rich metallothioneins .

In HL-60 cells (promyelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc enhances the up-regulation of A20 mRNA, which, via TRAF pathway, decreases NF-kappaB activation, leading to decreased gene expression and generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1beta, and IL-8 .

There are several mechanisms of action of zinc on acute diarrhea. Various mechanisms are specific to the gastrointestinal system: zinc restores mucosal barrier integrity and enterocyte brush-border enzyme activity, it promotes the production of antibodies and circulating lymphocytes against intestinal pathogens, and has a direct effect on ion channels, acting as a potassium channel blocker of adenosine 3-5-cyclic monophosphate-mediated chlorine secretion. Cochrane researchers examined the evidence available up to 30 September 2016 .

Zinc deficiency in humans decreases the activity of serum thymulin (a hormone of the thymus), which is necessary for the maturation of T-helper cells. T-helper 1 (Th(1)) cytokines are decreased but T-helper 2 (Th(2)) cytokines are not affected by zinc deficiency in humans [A342417].

The change of Th(1) to Th(2) function leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunction. Because IL-2 production (Th(1) cytokine) is decreased, this causes decreased activity of natural-killer-cell (NK cell) and T cytolytic cells, normally involved in killing viruses, bacteria, and malignant cells [A3424].

In humans, zinc deficiency may lead to the generation of new CD4+ T cells, produced in the thymus. In cell culture studies (HUT-78, a Th(0) human malignant lymphoblastoid cell line), as a result of zinc deficiency, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, phosphorylation of IkappaB, and binding of NF-kappaB to DNA are decreased and this results in decreased Th(1) cytokine production .

In another study, zinc supplementation in human subjects suppressed the gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased oxidative stress markers [A3424]. In HL-60 cells (a human pro-myelocytic leukemia cell line), zinc deficiency increased the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 cytokines and mRNA. In such cells, zinc was found to induce A20, a zinc finger protein that inhibited NF-kappaB activation by the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor pathway. This process decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers .

The exact mechanism of zinc in acne treatment is poorly understood. However, zinc is considered to act directly on microbial inflammatory equilibrium and facilitate antibiotic absorption when used in combination with other agents. Topical zinc alone as well as in combination with other agents may be efficacious because of its anti-inflammatory activity and ability to reduce P. acnes bacteria by the inhibition of P. acnes lipases and free fatty acid levels .

Dosage

Syscopene dosage

Tablet: The usual adult dosage is one 500 mcg tablet three times daily. The dosage should be adjusted according to the age of patient and the severity of symptoms.

Injection:

Peripheral neuropathies: The usual adult dosage is one ampoule equivalent to 500 mcg of Mecobalamin, administered intramuscularly or intravenously three times a week.The dosage should be adjusted according to the age of patient and the severity of symptoms.
Megaloblastic anemia: The usual adult dosage is one ampoule equivalent to 500 mcg of Mecobalamin, administered intramuscularly or intravenously three times a week. After about two months of administration, dosage should be changed to one ampoule equivalent to 500 mcg of Mecobalamin every one to three months as maintenance therapy

Side Effects

Generally Mecobalamin is well tolerated. However, a few side effects like GI discomfort (including anorexia, nausea or diarrhea) & rash may be seen after administration of Mecobalamin.

Toxicity

Beta-carotene is not toxic but the high and constant administration of this substance can translate into skin yellow coloration. Some reports have indicated that administration of high and periodic doses of beta-carotene are correlated to the increase in cancer incidence. This risk seems to be very elevated in the case of smokers. The registered LD50 of beta-carotene is >5000 mg/kg.

Consumption of high doses of inositol is reported to only cause some gastrointestinal effects.

According to the Toxnet database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the oral LD50 for zinc is close to 3 g/kg body weight, more than 10-fold higher than cadmium and 50-fold higher than mercury .

The LD50 values of several zinc compounds (ranging from 186 to 623 mg zinc/kg/day) have been measured in rats and mice .

Precaution

The medicine should not be used for months if there is no response at all after its use for a certain period of time.

Interaction

Decreased GI tract absorption with neomycin, aminosalicylic acid, H2-blockers and colchicine. Reduced serum concentrations with oral contraceptives. Reduced effects in anaemia with parenteral chloramphenicol.

Volume of Distribution

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.

The pharmacokinetic profile of inositol was studied in preterm infants and the estimated volume of distribution was reported to be 0.5115 L/kg.

A pharmacokinetic study was done in rats to determine the distribution and other metabolic indexes of zinc in two particle sizes. It was found that zinc particles were mainly distributed to organs including the liver, lung, and kidney within 72 hours without any significant difference being found according to particle size or rat gender .

Elimination Route

After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours.

The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.

Inositol is absorbed from the small intestine. In patients with inositol deficiency, the maximal plasma concentration after oral administration of inositol is registered to be of 4 hours. Inositol is taken up by the tissues via sodium-dependent inositol co-transporter which also mediates glucose uptake. Oral ingestion of inositol is registered to generate a maximal plasma concentration of 36-45 mcg.

Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine by a carrier-mediated mechanism . Under regular physiologic conditions, transport processes of uptake do not saturate. The exact amount of zinc absorbed is difficult to determine because zinc is secreted into the gut. Zinc administered in aqueous solutions to fasting subjects is absorbed quite efficiently (at a rate of 60-70%), however, absorption from solid diets is less efficient and varies greatly, dependent on zinc content and diet composition .

Generally, 33% is considered to be the average zinc absorption in humans . More recent studies have determined different absorption rates for various populations based on their type of diet and phytate to zinc molar ratio. Zinc absorption is concentration dependent and increases linearly with dietary zinc up to a maximum rate [L20902].

Additionally zinc status may influence zinc absorption. Zinc-deprived humans absorb this element with increased efficiency, whereas humans on a high-zinc diet show a reduced efficiency of absorption .

Half Life

The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.

The pharmacokinetic profile of inositol was studied in preterm infants and the estimated elimination half-life was reported to be of 5.22 hours.

The half-life of zinc in humans is approximately 280 days .

Clearance

The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.

The pharmacokinetic profile of inositol was studied in preterm infants and the estimated clearance rate was reported to be 0.0679 L.kg/h.

In one study of healthy patients, the clearance of zinc was found to be 0.63 ± 0.39 μg/min .

Elimination Route

The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces. It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites. The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.

Most of the administered dose is excreted in urine.

The excretion of zinc through gastrointestinal tract accounts for approximately one-half of all zinc eliminated from the body .

Considerable amounts of zinc are secreted through both biliary and intestinal secretions, however most is reabsorbed. This is an important process in the regulation of zinc balance. Other routes of zinc excretion include both urine and surface losses (sloughed skin, hair, sweat) .

Zinc has been shown to induce intestinal metallothionein, which combines zinc and copper in the intestine and prevents their serosal surface transfer. Intestinal cells are sloughed with approximately a 6-day turnover, and the metallothionein-bound copper and zinc are lost in the stool and are thus not absorbed .

Measurements in humans of endogenous intestinal zinc have primarily been made as fecal excretion; this suggests that the amounts excreted are responsive to zinc intake, absorbed zinc and physiologic need .

In one study, elimination kinetics in rats showed that a small amount of ZnO nanoparticles was excreted via the urine, however, most of the nanoparticles were excreted via the feces .