Vacox Mr
Vacox Mr Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Tizanidine is a short-acting drug for the management of spasticity. Tizanidine is an agonist at α2-adrenergic receptor sites and presumably reduces spasticity by increasing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. In animal models, tizanidine has no direct effect on skeletal muscle fibers or the neuromuscular junction, and no major effect on monosynaptic spinal reflexes. The effects of tizanidine are greatest on polysynaptic pathways. The overall effect of these actions is thought to reduce facilitation of spinal motor neurons.
A note on spasticity
Spasticity is an increase in muscle accompanied by uncontrolled, repetitive contractions of skeletal muscles which are involuntary.The patient suffering from muscle spasticity may have reduced mobility and high levels of pain, contributing to poor quality of life and problems performing activities of personal hygiene and care .
General effects
Valdecoxib was removed from the Canadian, U.S., and E.U. markets in 2005 due to concerns about a possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Valdecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Valdecoxib is used for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in the management of osteoarthritis (OA) and for the treatment of dysmenorrhea or acute pain. Unlike celecoxib, valdecoxib lacks a sulfonamide chain and does not require CYP450 enzymes for metabolism.
Trade Name | Vacox Mr |
Generic | Tizanidine + Valdecoxib |
Type | Tablet |
Therapeutic Class | |
Manufacturer | Alembic Pharmaceuticals |
Available Country | India |
Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
It is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm associated with musculoskeletal conditions and as an adjunct in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord disorders.
Valdecoxib is a COX-2 inhibitor used to treat osteoarthritis and dysmenorrhoea.
For the treatment of osteoarthritis and dysmenorrhoea
Vacox Mr is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Acute Low Back Pain, Drug Withdrawal Headache, Insomnia, Migraine, Pain, Seizures, Spasticity, Muscle, Withdrawal From Addictive Substance; DetoxificationOsteoarthritis (OA), Primary Dysmenorrhoea, Rheumatoid Arthritis
How Vacox Mr works
Tizanidine reduces spasticity by causing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons via agonist actions at Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor sites. This drug is centrally acting and leads to a reduction in the release of excitatory amino acids like glutamate and aspartate, which cause neuronal firing that leads to muscle spasm. The above reduction and excitatory neurotransmitter release results in presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. The strongest effect of tizanidine has been shown to occur on spinal polysynaptic pathways. The anti-nociceptive and anticonvulsant activities of tizanidine may also be attributed to agonist action on Alpha-2 receptors. Tizanidine also binds with weaker affinity to the Alpha-1 receptors, explaining its slight and temporary effect on the cardiovascular system .
Both COX-1 and COX-2 catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) H2, the precursor of PGs and thromboxane. Valdecoxib selectively inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, important for the mediation of inflammation and pain. Unlike non-selective NSAIDs, valdecoxib does not inhibit platelet aggregation.
Dosage
Vacox Mr dosage
The usual initial daily dose is 2 mg as a single dose. The daily dose may be increased thereafter according to response in steps of 2 mg at intervals of at least 3 to 4 days, usually up to 24 mg daily given in 3 to 4 divided doses. The maximum recommended dose is 36 mg daily.
Side Effects
Tizanidine Hydrochloride may cause drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances, hypotension. Bradycardia, insomnia, hallucinations and altered liver enzymes, and rarely acute hepatitis have also been reported.
Toxicity
LD50 information
Oral LD50 (rat): 414 mg/kg; Subcutaneous LD50 (rat): 282 mg/kg; Oral LD50 (mouse): 235 mg/kg
Use in pregnancy
Animal studies have determined that this drug causes fetal harm . Studies have not been performed in humans, and it is advisable to ensure that tizanidine use in pregnant women should be reserved for cases in which possible benefit clearly outweighs the possible risk to mother and unborn child .
Use in breastfeeding
In studies of rat models, this tizanidine was found excreted in the breastmilk with a milk-to-blood ratio of 1.8:1 . In young nursing rats, abnormal results were obtained in tests indicative of central nervous system function. Various developmental changes that may have been attributable to the drug were observed. It is unknown whether tizanidine is excreted in human milk. It is a lipid-soluble drug, however, and likely to be excreted into breast milk .
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis
No signs of carcinogenicity were observed in two dietary studies performed in rodent models. Tizanidine was given to mice for 78 weeks at doses reaching a maximum 16 mg/kg (equivalent to twice the maximum recommended human dose). In addition, the drug was given to rats for 104 weeks at doses reaching 9 mg/kg (equivalent to 2.5 times the maximum recommended human dose). There was a lack of a statistically significant increase in the occurrence of tumors in either study group .
Tizanidine was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in several laboratory essays, including the bacterial Ames test, the mammalian gene mutation test, in addition to the chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster cells and several other assays .
Symptoms following acute NSAID overdoses are usually limited to lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, which are generally reversible with supportive care. Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur. Hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory depression and coma may occur, but are rare.
Precaution
Patients with impaired kidney or liver function; when patients drive a vehicle or operate machinery.
Interaction
Alcohol or other CNS depressants may enhance the CNS effects of Tizanidine. There may be an additive hypotensive effect when Tizanidine is used in patients receiving antihypertensive therapy.
Volume of Distribution
Extensively distributed throughout the body. The average steady-state volume of distribution is 2.4 L/kg .
- 86 L
Elimination Route
This drug undergoes significant first-pass metabolism. After the administration of an oral dose, tizanidine is mostly absorbed. The absolute oral bioavailability of tizanidine is measured to be about 40% .
Effect of food on absorption
Food has been shown to increase absorption for both the tablets and capsules. The increase in absorption with the tablet (about 30%) was noticeably higher than the capsule (~10%). When the capsule and tablet were administered with food, the amount absorbed from the capsule was about 80% of the amount absorbed from the tablet . It is therefore advisable to take this drug with food for increased absorption, especially in tablet form.
Oral bioavailability is 83%.
Half Life
Approximately 2.5 hours .
8-11 hours
Clearance
A note on renal impairment
Tizanidine clearance is found to be decreased by more than 50% in elderly patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < 25 mL/min) compared to healthy elderly subjects; this would be expected to lead to a longer duration of clinical effect. This drug should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment .
- oral cl=6 L/h
- 6 – 7 L/h [In patients undergoing hemodialysis]
- 6 – 7 L/h [healthy elderly subjects]
Elimination Route
This drug is mainly eliminated by the kidney .
Valdecoxib is eliminated predominantly via hepatic metabolism with less than 5% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine and feces. About 70% of the dose is excreted in the urine as metabolites, and about 20% as valdecoxib N-glucuronide.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Tizanidine has no teratogenic effects in rats and rabbits. As there have been no controlled studies in pregnant women, it should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk. Although only small amounts of Tizanidine are excreted in animal milk, lactating women should not take Tizanidine.
Contraindication
Tizanidine Hydrochloride is contraindicated to the patients who have known hypersensitivity to this drug and in case of severe hepatic impairment.
Acute Overdose
Children: Experience in children is limited and the use of Tizanidine in this patient group is not recommended.
Elderly: Renal clearance in the elderly may in some cases be significantly decreased. Caution is therefore indicated when using in elderly patients.
Storage Condition
Store in a cool & dry place, protected from light & moisture. Do not freeze. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children.
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