Vivotif

Uses

Vivotif is used for active immunization against typhoid fever for adults and children two years of age or older. Selective immunization with typhoid vaccine is recommended for the following:

• Travellers to high endemic areas
• Household contact of carriers
• Healthcare personnel
• Police, Armed forces and such other regimented personnel
• Laboratory workers who work with Salmonella typhi

Dosage

Vivotif dosage

A single dose of 0.5 ml is recommended for both adults and children 2 years of age or older. Subjects who remain at risk of typhoid fever should be given a single booster dose of the vaccine with an interval of not more than 3 years.

Vivotif is for intramuscular injection only. Do not inject intravenously.

Vivotif should be given intramuscularly in the deltoid and children should be injected intramuscularly either in the deltoid or the vastus lateralis. It should not be injected into the gluteal areas where there may be a nerve trunk.

Vivotif injection should be administered with caution to subjects with thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders since bleeding may occur following an intramuscular administration to these subjects. Following injection, firm pressure should be applied to the site (without rubbing) for at least two minutes.

Typhoid vaccine can be co-administered with other vaccines but should not be mixed with other vaccines or medicinal products in the same syringe.

Side Effects

Most recepients of Typhoid vaccine experience some reactions upon vaccination. These are generally moderate and short in duration. They mainly consist of local reactions at the injection site (erythema, induration and tenderness). Systemic reactions (malaise, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, myalgia and elevated temperature) are reported less commonly. In very rare cases allergic type reactions (pruritus, rash, urticaria) may be observed.

Precaution

Not for treatment of typhoid fever. Vaccination may not provide full proetction thus, travellers should be advised to take all necessary precautions to avoid contact or ingestion of potentially contaminated food or water sources.

IM admin: Caution when used in patients with a history of bleeding disorders, patients on anticoagulant treatment or severely immunocompromised patients.

Pregnancy: the effect of Typhoid vaccine on fetal development or reproduction capacity has not been evaluated. Typhoid vaccine should only be used during pregnancy when there is a high risk of infection.

Lactation: Not known if excreted in breast; use caution

Interaction

Concurrent use with antibiotics or immunoglobulins may reduce the efficacy of typhoid vaccine. Mefloquine may increase the efficacy of typhoid vaccine. May reduce the diagnostic effect of tuberculin tests.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy: The effect of Typhoid vaccine on fetal development or reproduction capacity has not been evaluated. Typhoid vaccine should only be used during pregnancy when there is a high risk of infection.

Lactation: It is not known if Typhoid vaccine is excreted in human milk. It may be administered to nursing mothers only if clearly needed.

Contraindication

The vaccine protects against typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. Protection is not conferred against paratyphoid fever or illness caused by non-invasive Salmonella. Typhoid vaccine should not be administered to subjects with known hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or to subjects having shown signs of hypersensitivity after previous Typhoid vaccine administration, or after any other vaccine containing Vi polysaccharide Salmonella typhi antigens.

It may be expected that in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment or patients with immunodeficiency, an adequate response may not be achieved. The administration of Typhoid vaccine should be postponed in subjects suffering from acute severe febrile illness

Storage Condition

Keep out of the reach of children. Store at +2°C to +8°C. Do not freeze. Discard vaccine if frozen. Protect from light.

Innovators Monograph

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