Zovate Gn

Uses

Blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, acute meibomianitis, and corneal ulcers caused by susceptible organisms. Otorrhea associated with external otitis, chronic suppurative otitis media or subacute purulent otitis media; or postoperative otorrhea, such as that following fenestration, mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.

Gentamicin cream is used for the topical treatment of the primary and secondary bacterial infections of the skin caused by the organisms sensitive to Gentamicin. Gentamicin may clear infections that have not responded to other topical antibiotics.

Nystatin Cream is used for the treatment of cutaneous or mucocutaneous mycotic infections caused by Candida albicans and other susceptible Candida species. This cream is not used for systemic, oral, intravaginal or ophthalmic use.

Nystatin tablet is an antifungal antibiotic active against a wide range of yeasts and yeast like fungi including Candida albicans. It is used for the prevention and treatment of Candida infections of oral cavity, esophagus and intestinal tract. It provides effective prophylaxis against oral candidiasis in those born of mothers with vaginal candidiasis. It is used for the prophylaxis of Candida overgrowth during courses of broadspectrum antibiotics

Zovate Gn is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Infections, Bacterial Peritonitis, Bacterial dacryocystitis, Blepharoconjunctivitis, Central Nervous System Infections, Conjunctivitis allergic, Corneal infection, Dermatitis infected, Ecthyma, Eczematous dermatitis infected, Folliculitis, Furunculosis, Gram-negative enteric bacilli neonatal sepsis, Impetigo contagious, Inflammation, Keratitis bacterial, Keratoconjunctivitis, Meibomianitis, Meningitis, Bacterial, Ocular Inflammation, Pustular Psoriasis (PP), Pustular acne, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Septicemia gram-negative, Skin Infections, Skin Infections, Bacterial, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Bacterial Infections, Sycosis barbae, Bacterial blepharitis, Bacterial corneal ulcers, Bacterial dermatoses, Complicated Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections, Complicated Respiratory tract infection bacterial, Corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, Ocular bacterial infections, Severe Endocarditis enterococcal, Severe Infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Severe Staphylococcal infectionAnal candidiasis, Candidiasis, Invasive, Intestinal Candidiasis, Mixed Vaginal Infections caused by Trichomonas Vaginalis, candida albicans, Oral Candidiasis, Pruritus Ani, Pruritus Vulvae, Skin candida, Trichomonas Vaginitis, Vaginal Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis, Corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, Cutaneous candidiasis

How Zovate Gn works

There are 3 key phases of aminoglycoside entry into cells. The first “ionic binding phase” occurs when polycationic aminoglycosides bind electrostatically to negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes including with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids within the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and to teichoic acids and phospholipids within the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. This binding results in displacement of divalent cations and increased membrane permeability, allowing for aminoglycoside entry. The second “energy-dependent phase I” of aminoglycoside entry into the cytoplasm relies on the proton-motive force and allows a limited amount of aminoglycoside access to its primary intracellular target - the bacterial 30S ribosome. This ultimately results in the mistranslation of proteins and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane.[A233320] Finally, in the “energy-dependent phase II” stage, concentration-dependent bacterial killing is observed. Aminoglycoside rapidly accumulates in the cell due to the damaged cytoplasmic membrane, and protein mistranslation and synthesis inhibition is amplified. The necessity of oxygen-dependent active transport explains why aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobic bacteria. Hence, aminoglycosides have both immediate bactericidal effects through membrane disruption and delayed bactericidal effects through impaired protein synthesis; observed experimental data and mathematical modeling support this two-mechanism model. Inhibition of protein synthesis is a key component of aminoglycoside efficacy. Structural and cell biological studies suggest that aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA in helix 44 (h44), near the A site of the 30S ribosomal subunit, altering interactions between h44 and h45. This binding also displaces two important residues, A1492 and A1493, from h44, mimicking normal conformational changes that occur with successful codon-anticodon pairing in the A site.[A232324, A232329] Overall, aminoglycoside binding has several negative effects including inhibition of translation, initiation, elongation, and ribosome recycling. Recent evidence suggests that the latter effect is due to a cryptic second binding site situated in h69 of the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.[A232329, A232339] Also, by stabilizing a conformation that mimics correct codon-anticodon pairing, aminoglycosides promote error-prone translation.[A232344] Mistranslated proteins can incorporate into the cell membrane, inducing the damage discussed above.

Nystatin is a channel-forming ionophore, meaning it exerts its therapeutic effect via formation of a membrane-spanning pore in the fungal plasma membrane. The formation of this pore results in a change in membrane permeability that allows for leakage of intracellular contents and the subsequent disruption of electrochemical gradients necessary for proper cell function. Selectivity for fungal cells over mammalian cells is due to nystatin’s greater binding affinity for ergosterol, a key sterol found in fungal cell walls, as opposed to its mammalian counterpart, cholesterol.

Dosage

Zovate Gn dosage

Eye: 1-2 drops instilled in affected eye up to 6 times a day or more frequently if required (severe infections may require 1-2 drops every 15-20 minutes initially, reducing the frequency of instillation gradually as the infection is controlled).

Ear: The area should be cleaned and 2-3 drops should be instilled every 3-4 times a day and at night, or more frequently if required.

A small amount of Gentamicin should be applied gently to the affected areas three to four times daily. The area treated may be covered with a gauze dressing if desired. Before applying the medication the affected area should be properly cleaned.

Children:

• In intestinal and oral candidiasis (thrush): 1,00,000 units (1 ml) should be dropped into the mouth four times daily.The longer the suspension is kept in contact with the affected area in the mouth, before swallowing, the greater will be its effect.
• For prophylaxis in the newborn:The suggested dose is 1,00,000 units (1 ml) once daily or as prescribed by the physician.

Adult:

• For the treatment of intestinal or esophageal candidiasis: 5,00,000 units (5 ml) by mouth 3 or 4 times daily. The dose may be doubled, if required.
• For prophylaxis of intestinal candidiasis in adults: 10,00,000 units (10 ml) daily.
• For prophylaxis to suppress the over growth of Candida albicans in patients receiving broad spectrum antibiotic therapy: 10,00,000 units (10 ml) daily.
• For the treatment of dental sores and oral infection: 1,00,000 units (1 ml) suspension should be dropped into the mouth four times daily.

Elderly: Older people with intestinal candidiasis who are unable to swallow tablets should be given 5,00,000 units (5 ml) suspension four times daily.

Adults and Pediatric Patients (Neonates and Older): Apply liberally to affected areas twice daily or as indicated until healing is complete.

Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness have been established in the pediatric population from birth to 16 years.

Geriatric Use: Clinical studies with nystatin cream did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Side Effects

In patients with dermatoses treated with gentamicin, irritation (erythema and pruritus) had been reported in small number of cases. Itching, redness, swelling or other signs of irritation may develop. With the eye/ear drop bacterial and corneal ulcer have developed during treatment with gentamicin. Most frequently reported adverse reactions are ocular burning and irritation upon drug instillation, non specific conjunctivitis, conjunctival epithelial defects, and conjunctival hyperemia.

Gentamicin cream is well tolerated. There has been no evidence of irritation and sensitization after using Gentamicin cream.

Nystatin cream: The frequency of adverse events reported in patients using nystatin cream is less than 0.1%. The more common events that were reported include allergic reactions, burning, itching, rash, eczema, and pain on application.

Nystatin tablet: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have occasionally been reported with high doses of Nystatin. No systemic effects or allergic reactions have been associated with its oral dose.

Toxicity

As with other aminoglycosides, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are associated with gentamicin. Signs of nephrotoxicity include an increase in plasma creatinine and urea, while signs of ototoxicity include issues with balance, nausea, tinnitus, and hearing loss. It is important to note that aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is typically reversible, while ototoxicity is more likely to be permanent. The risk of both toxicities increases with long-term gentamicin therapy. Gentamicin is considered to be more vestibulotoxic than cochleotoxic compared to other aminoglycosides. Unfortunately, gentamicin-related ototoxicity does not correlate with cumulative dosing, peak and trough levels, or dosing schedule. The unpredictability of ototoxicity supports close monitoring of the patient throughout treatment. In cases of toxicity or overdose, the medication should be discontinued immediately; hemodialysis may be initiated to lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

The oral LD₅₀ in rats is 10 g/kg. There have been no reports of serious toxic effects following overdosage of nystatin - doses in excess of five million units daily have resulted in nausea and gastrointestinal upset with no other associated effects.

Precaution

If these occurs or if irritation, sensitization develops, treatment with gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted. Gentamicin ear/eye drops is not for injection. It should never be injected subconjunctivally, nor it should be directly introduced into the anterior chamber of the eye.

Use of topical antibiotics occasionally cause overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms including fungi. If this occurs or if irritation, sensitisation or super infection develops, treatment with Gentamicin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.

Nystatin cream should not be used for the treatment of systemic, oral, intravaginal or ophthalmic infections. If irritation or sensitization develops, treatment should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken as indicated. It is recommended that KOH smears, cultures, or other diagnostic methods be used to confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous or mucocutaneous candidiasis and to rule out infection caused by other pathogens.

Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is negligible, therefore no special precaution is required to apply in pregnancy and lactation

Interaction

None has been reported so far with topical and Eye/Ear drops.

Volume of Distribution

Nystatin is not absorbed into the systemic circulation and thus does not undergo distribution.

Elimination Route

Systemic absorption of nystatin is minimal following oral administration, and no detectable plasma concentrations are attained following topical or vaginal administration.

Half Life

One study assessing the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults reported a mean half-life of 75 minutes after intravenous administration. The mean half-life associated with intramuscular administration was about 29 minutes longer. Fever and anemia may result in a shorter half-life although dose adjustments are not usually necessary. Severe burns are also associated with a shorter half-life and may result in lower gentamicin serum concentrations.

Clearance

The renal clearance of gentamicin is comparable to individual creatinine clearance.

Elimination Route

Gentamicin is excreted primarily by the kidneys. In patients with normal renal function, 70% or more of an initial gentamicin dose can be recovered in the urine within 24 hours. Excretion of gentamicin is significantly reduced in patients with renal impairment.

The majority of orally administered nystatin is eliminated unchanged in the feces.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Consideration should be given the possibility of foetal ototoxicity when gentamicin is applied topically to large denuded areas of skin. For Gentamicin Eye/Ear Drops safety profile in pregnancy is not yet established and should be administered when considered essential.

Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with any nystatin cream. It also is not known whether this cream can cause fetal harm when used by a pregnant woman or can affect reproductive capacity. Nystatin cream should be prescribed for a pregnant woman only if the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.

Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether nystatin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when nystatin is prescribed for a nursing woman.

Mouth/Throat/PO/Topical: Pregnancy catagory C

Vaginal: Pregnancy catagory A

Contraindication

Gentamicin is contraindicated in individuals with a history of sensitivity reaction to any of its components. Use of topical Gentamicin may occasionally allow overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi.

Nystatin cream is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its components.

There is no known contraindication to the use of Nystatin oral.

Storage Condition

To avoid contamination, do not touch the tip of the container to the eye, eyelid or any surface.

Store at 20° to 25°C. Avoid freezing.

Innovators Monograph

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