Appeton Taurine

Uses

Nicotinamide is an ingredient found in a variety of cosmetic products.

Taurine is an ingredient found in mixture products indicated for nutritional support.

The use of diet supplements containing taurine is indicated for the nutritional support of infants and young pediatric patients requiring total parenteral nutrition via central or peripheral routes. The usage of diet supplements containing taurine prevents nitrogen and weight loss or to treat negative nitrogen balance in pediatric patients where the alimentary tract cannot be done through oral, gastrostomy or jejunostomy administration, there is impaired gastrointestinal absorption or protein requirements are substantially increased.

Effective for:

• Vitamin A deficiency. Taking vitamin A by mouth is effective for preventing and treating symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency can occur in people with protein deficiency, diabetes, over-active thyroid, fever, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inherited disorder called abetalipoproteinemia.

Possibly Effective for:

• Breast cancer. Premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consume high levels of vitamin A in their diet seem to have reduced risk of developing breast cancer. It is not known if taking vitamin A supplements has the same benefit.
• Cataracts. Research suggests that high intake of vitamin A in the diet is linked to a lower risk of developing cataracts.
• Diarrhea related to HIV. Taking vitamin A along with conventional medicines seems to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea in HIV-positive children with vitamin A deficiency.
• Malaria. Taking vitamin A by mouth seems to decrease malaria symptoms in children less than 3 years-old living in areas where malaria is common.
• Measles. Taking vitamin A by mouth seems to reduce the risk of measles complications or death in children with measles and vitamin A deficiency.
• Precancerous lesions in the mouth (oral leukoplakia). Research suggests that taking vitamin A can help treat precancerous lesions in the mouth.
• Recovery from laser eye surgery (photoreactive keratectomy). Taking vitamin A by mouth along with vitamin E seems to improve healing after laser eye surgery.
• Complications after pregnancy. Taking vitamin A seems to reduce the risk of diarrhea and fever after pregnancy in malnourished women.
• Complications during pregnancy. Taking vitamin A by mouth seems to reduce the risk of death and night blindness during pregnancy in malnourished women.
• Eye disease affecting the retina (retinitis pigmentosa). Research suggests that taking vitamin A can slow the progression of an eye disease that causes damage to the retina.

As a dietary supplement:

• Vitamin E deficiency resulting from impaired absorption.
• Increased requirements due to diet rich in polyunsaturated fats.
• For healthy hair & skin
• As an Antioxidant
• Hemolytic anemia due to Vitamin E deficiency

Therapeutic use

: Heavy metal poisoning, Hepatotoxin poisoning, Hemolytic anemia, Oxygen therapy and replacement therapy in nutritional deficiency states for the betterment of skin and hair.

Appeton Taurine is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Gastrointestinal insufficiency, Hepatic Insufficiency, Macrocytic anemia, Secondary anemia, Vitamin Deficiency, Severe debilitation, Dietary and Nutritional Therapies, Nutritional supplementation, Dietary supplementationTotal parenteral nutrition therapyDeficiency, Vitamin A, Deficiency, Vitamin D, Degenerative Retinal Disorders, Disorder of the Epithelium, Disorder of the Mesoderm, Inner ear disorder, Vitamin Deficiency, Vitamin E Deficiency, Nutritional supplementationVitamin Deficiency, Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, Dietary supplementation

How Appeton Taurine works

The diet supplements containing taurine function by replacing the missing nutriments in the body. Taurine, as a single agent, presents different functions like substrate for formation of bile salts, cell volume regulation, modulation of intracellular calcium, cytoprotection of central nervous system, etc.

Vision:Vitamin A (all-trans retinol) is converted in the retina to the 11-cis-isomer of retinaldehyde or 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal functions in the retina in the transduction of light into the neural signals necessary for vision. 11-cis-retinal, while attached to opsin in rhodopsin is isomerized to all-trans-retinal by light. This is the event that triggers the nerve impulse to the brain which allows for the perception of light. All-trans-retinal is then released from opsin and reduced to all-trans-retinol. All-trans-retinol is isomerized to 11-cis-retinol in the dark, and then oxidized to 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal recombines with opsin to re-form rhodopsin. Night blindness or defective vision at low illumination results from a failure to re-synthesize 11-cis retinal rapidly.
Epithelial differentiation: The role of Vitamin A in epithelial differentiation, as well as in other physiological processes, involves the binding of Vitamin A to two families of nuclear retinoid receptors (retinoic acid receptors, RARs; and retinoid-X receptors, RXRs). These receptors function as ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene transcription. When there is not enough Vitamin A to bind these receptors, natural cell differentiation and growth are interrupted.

The mechanism of action for most of vitamin E's effects are still unknown. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, preventing free radical reactions with cell membranes. Though in some cases vitamin E has been shown to have pro-oxidant activity.

One mechanism of vitamin E's antioxidant effect is in the termination of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E reacts with unstable lipid radicals, producing stable lipids and a relatively stable vitamin E radical. The vitamin E radical is then reduced back to stable vitamin E by reaction with ascorbate or glutathione.

Dosage

Appeton Taurine dosage

Vitamin A deficiency For severe deficiency with corneal changes: 500,000 unit/day for 3 days, followed by 50,000 unit/day for 2 wk and then 10,000-20,000 unit/day for 2 mth as follow-up therapy.

For cases without corneal changes: 10,000-25,000 unit/day until clinical improvement occurs (usually 1 -2 wk).

Betterment of Cardiovascular health: 400 mg - 800 mg / day

Deficiency syndrome in adults: 200 mg - 400 mg / day

Deficiency syndrome in children: 200 mg / day

Thalassemia: 800 mg / day

Sickle-cell anemia: 400 mg / day

Betterment of Skin & Hair: 200 mg - 400 mg / day (Topical use is also established for beautification)

Chronic cold in adults: 200 mg / day

Side Effects

Hypervitaminosis A characterised by fatigue, irritability, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting and other Gl disturbances, low-grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin changes, alopoecia, dry hair, cracking and bleeding lips, SC swelling, nocturia, pains in bones and joints.

Overdoses (>1g) have been associated with minor side effects, including hypertension, fatigue, diarrhea and myopathy

Toxicity

The administration of taurine has been correlatefd to significant in the hypothalamus and the modification of neuroendocrine functions. Other than that, taurine administration in regular doses is reported by different articles and institutions to be safe.

Acute toxicity to vitamin A can occur when adults or children ingest >100x or >20x the RDA, respectively, over a period of hours or a few days. The RDA for vitamin A differs depending on age and sex and can range from 300 - 900 μg retinol activity equivalents (RAE) per day. Symptoms of acute systemic toxicity generally include mucocutaneous involvement (e.g. xerosis, cheilitis, skin peeling) and may involve mental status changes. Children are typically more susceptible to acute vitamin A toxicity - daily intakes of as little as 1500 IU/kg have been observed to result in toxicity.

Chronic vitamin A toxicity can develop following the long-term ingestion of high vitamin A doses. While there is a wide variation in the lowest toxic vitamin A dose, the ingestion of >25 000 IU daily for 6 years or 100,000 IU daily for 6 months is considered to be toxic. Chronic vitamin A toxicity can affect many organ systems and can lead to the development of osteoporosis and CNS effects (e.g. headaches).

There is no data available for effects in pregnancy, breast feeding, hepatic impairment, or renal impairment. However, it appears that the process of vitamin E elimination is strict and self regulating enough that vitamin E toxicity is exceedingly rare. Studies showing adverse effects from excess vitamin E generally involve people consuming more than 1000mg/day for weeks to months.

Precaution

Cholestatic jaundice; fat-malabsorption conditions. Monitor patients closely for toxicity. Liver impairment and children.

Vitamin E may enhance the anticoagulant activity of anticoagulant drugs. Caution is advised in premature infants with high dose Vitamin E supplementation, because of reported risk of necrotizing enterocilitis.

Interaction

Decreased absorption with neomycin. Increased risk of hypervitaminosis A with synthetic retinoids eg, acitretin, isotretinoin and tretinoin. Increased risk of toxicity when used with alcohol.

Vitamin E may impair the absorption of Vitamin A. Vitamin K functions impairement happens at the level of prothrombin formation and potentiates the effect of Warfarin.

Volume of Distribution

The distribution of taurine was studied under the two-compartment model and each one of the compartments gave a range for the volume of distribution of 299-353 ml/kg in compartment 1 and 4608-8374 ml/kg in compartment 2 in mice. Further studies in healthy indivudals gave a volume of distribution that ranged from 19.8 to 40.7 L.

0.41L/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.

Elimination Route

Oral administration of taurine was studied and it reported dose-dependent values of AUC, Cmax and tmax wherein a dose of 1-30 mg/kg ranged from 89-3452 mcg min/L, 2-15.7 mcg min/ml and 15 min respectively. Further studies in healthy individuals gave an AUC, Cmax and tmax in the range of 116-284.5 mg h/L, 59-112.6 mg/L and 1-2.5 h.

Readily absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract

10-33% of deuterium labelled vitamin E is absorbed in the small intestine. Absorption of Vitamin E is dependant upon absorption of the fat in which it is dissolved. For patients with poor fat absorption, a water soluble form of vitamin E may need to be substituted such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate.

In other studies the oral bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol was 36%, gamma-tocotrienol was 9%. The time to maximum concentration was 9.7 hours for alpha-tocopherol and 2.4 hours for gamma-tocotrienol.

Half Life

Oral administration of taurine in healthy individuals gave a plasma elimination half-life that ranged from 0.7-1.4 h.

1.9 hours

44 hours in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection. 12 minutes in intravenous injection of intestinal lymph.

Clearance

The clearance rate of orally administered taurine was reported to be dose-dependent wherein a dose of 1 mg/kg it presents a clearance rate of 11.7 ml min/kg, 10 mg/kg generates a clearance rate of 18.7 ml min/kg and a dose of 30 mg/kg reports a clearance rate of 9.4 ml min/kg. Further studies in healthy individuals generate a clearance rate that ranged from 14 to 34.4 L/h.

6.5mL/hr/kg in premature neonates given a 20mg/kg intramuscular injection.

Elimination Route

Taurine flows and gets distributed in veins and arteries and reports have observed the presence of a significant released of taurine in portally drained viscera, thus suggesting that the main elimination route of taurine is by the gut. This elimination route may be explained by the enterohepatic cycle of taurine.

Alpha tocopherol is excreted in urine as well as bile in the feces mainly as a carboxyethyl-hydrochroman (CEHC) metabolite, but it can be excreted in it's natural form .

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use

Pregnancy Category A. Adequate and well-controlled human studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).

Use in pregnancy: Vitamin E may be used in pregnancy in the normally recommended dose but the safety of high dose therapy has not been established.

Use in lactation: There appears to be no contraindication to breast feeding by mothers taking the normally recommended dose.

Contraindication

Hypervitaminosis A; pregnancy (dose exceeding RDA).

No known contraindications found.

Special Warning

Use in Children: Vitamin E is safe for children

Acute Overdose

Large doses of vitamin E (more than 1 gm/day) have been reported to increase bleeding tendency in vitamin K deficient patients such as those taking oral anticoagulants.

Storage Condition

Store at a cool and dry place, Protect from light and moisture.

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