Enzacamenum
Enzacamenum Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Commonly known as 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor (4-MBC), enzacamene is a camphor derivative and an organic chemical UV-B filter. It is used in cosmetic products such as sunscreen to provide skin protection against UV rays. While its effects on the human reproductive system as an endocrine disruptor are being investigated, its use in over-the-counter and cosmetic products is approved by Health Canada. Its tradenames include Eusolex 6300 (Merck) and Parsol 5000 (DSM).
Several studies suggest that enzacamene elicit estrogen-like effects. In prepubertal male rats exposed to enzacamene during embryonic and fetal development, decrease in testicular weight with decreased levels of LH, GnRH, and glutamate were observed; in comparison, there was an increase in LH, GnRH, and aspartate levels in peripubertal rats . These findings suggest that high concentrations of enzacamene during embryonic and fetal stage inhibits the testicular axis in male rats during the prepubertal stage and stimulates it during peripubertad stage . In a study of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo, exposure to enzacamene during early vertebrate development was associated with muscular and neuronal defects that may result in developmental defects, including a reduction in AChE activity, disorganized pattern of slow muscle fibers, and axon pathfinding errors during motor neuron innervation . Enzacamenum displays a weak binding activity in receptors binding assays using the mammalian estrogen receptor (ER) .
| Trade Name | Enzacamenum |
| Generic | Enzacamene |
| Enzacamene Other Names | 4-MBC, enzacamène, Enzacamene, Enzacamene D-L form, enzacameno, enzacamenum, Methyl benzylidene camphor |
| Type | |
| Formula | C18H22O |
| Weight | Average: 254.373 Monoisotopic: 254.167065328 |
| Protein binding | No pharmacokinetic data available. |
| Groups | Approved |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | |
| Available Country | |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Enzacamenum is an ingredient used in sunscreen to block UVB radiation.
Indicated for use as an active sunscreen agent.
How Enzacamenum works
Enzacamenum absorbs UV-B rays. It is proposed that enzacamene exerts estrogen-like activities in the same direction as endogenous estrogens via nonclassical estrogen signaling mechanisms that do not involve gene regulation by the nuclear ER . It binds to cytosolic estradiol binding sites of estrogen receptors with low to moderate affinity compared to that of the endogenous agonist. Based on the findings of a study with Xenopus hepatocytes in culture, enzacamene has a potential to induce the ER gene only at higher concentrations (10–100 μmol/L). While enzacamene was not shown to activate estrogen-dependent gene transcription when tested in an ER reporter gene assay in yeast cells, it was demonstrated in Xenopus hepatocytes cultures that activate ER-dependent signaling mechanisms leading to altered gene expression . In micromolar concentrations, enzacamene accelerates cell proliferation rate in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells .
Toxicity
Oral LD50 and dermal LD50 in rat are reported to be 10,000 mg/kg . Oral TDLO in rat is 7 mg/kg . Oral and subcutaneous TDLO following continuous administration in rat are 476 mg/kg/4D and 4 mg/kg/2D, respectively . Cases of overdose have not been reported for enzacamene. Enzacamenum is reported to be an endocrine disruptor that alters the reproductive axis.
Food Interaction
No interactions found.Volume of Distribution
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Elimination Route
The maximum plasma concentration of enzacamene was 16ng/mL in healthy female volunteers following daily whole-body topical application of 2mg/cm^2 of sunscreen formulation at 10% (weight/weight) for four days . Blood concentration of enzacamene (4-MBC) and its main metabolite, 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor, peaked within 10 h after oral administration of enzacamene .
Half Life
The half life of enzacamene (4-MBC) and its main metabolite, 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor, displayed half-lives of approximately 15 h after reaching peak plasma concentrations after oral administration in rats .
Clearance
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Elimination Route
The urine concentration of 4 ng/mL and 4 ng/mL of enzacamene were observed in female and male volunteers, respectively . In a rat pharmacokinetic study, most of orally administered enzacamene was recovered in in feces as 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor and, to a smaller extent, as 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)-6-hydroxycamphor . Glucuronides of both metabolites were also detectable in faces . In urine, one isomer of 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)hydroxycamphor was the predominant metabolite [3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)-6-hydroxycamphor], the other isomers and 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor were only minor metabolites excreted with urine . Enterohepatic circulation of glucuronides derived from the two major 4-MBC metabolites may explain the slow excretion of 4-MBC metabolites with urine and the small percentage of the administered doses recovered in urine .
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