Viskaldix
Viskaldix Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
Clopamide is an oral diuretic agent with antihypertensive activity. Like thiazide diuretics, it has an aromatic sulfonamide base but with no double-ring structure.
Pindolol is a first generation non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. Early research into the use of pindolol found it had chronotropic effects, and so further investigation focused on the treatment of arrhythmia. Research into pindolol's use in the treatment of hypertension began in the early 1970s.
Pindolol was granted FDA approval on 3 September 1982.
Pindolol is a nonselective beta blocker indicated in the management of hypertension and prophylaxis of angina. It has a short duration of action as it is given twice daily, and a wide therapeutic window as doses can range from 10-60 mg/day. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of cardiac failure, exacerbating ischemic heart disease with sudden withdrawal, nonallergic bronchospasm, masking hypoglycemia in diabetics, and masking hyperthyroidism.
| Trade Name | Viskaldix |
| Generic | Clopamide + Pindolol |
| Weight | 5mg, 10mg, |
| Type | Tablet |
| Therapeutic Class | |
| Manufacturer | Novartis Pharma (pak) Ltd |
| Available Country | Pakistan, Switzerland |
| Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
Uses
Pindolol is a beta adrenoceptor antagonist used to treat hypertension, edema, ventricular tachycardias, and atrial fibrillation.
Pindolol is indicated in the management of hypertension. In Canada, it is also indicated in the prophylaxis of angina.
Viskaldix is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)Angina Pectoris, Atrial Fibrillation, Depression, High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
How Viskaldix works
The beta-1 adrenoceptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor. Agonism of the beta-1 adrenoceptor allows the Gs subunit to upregulate adenylyl cyclase, converting ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). Increased concentrations of cAMP activate cAMP-dependant kinase A, phosphorylating calcium channels, raising intracellular calcium, increasing calcium exchange through the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and increasing cardiac inotropy. cAMP-dependant kinase A also phosphorylates myosin light chains, increasing smooth muscle contractility. Increased smooth muscle contractility in the kidney releases renin.
Pindolol is a non-selective beta blocker. Blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart results in decreased heart rate and blood pressure. By blocking beta-1 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, pindolol inhibits the release of renin, which inhibits angiotensin II and aldosterone release. Reduced angiotensin II inhibits vasoconstriction and reduced aldosterone inhibits water retention.
Beta-2 adrenoceptors located in the kidneys and peripheral blood vessels use a similar mechanism to activate cAMP-dependant kinase A to increase smooth muscle contractility. Blocking of the beta-2 adrenoceptor relaxes smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation.
Toxicity
Patients experiencing an overdose may experience excessive bradycardia, cardiac failure, hypotension, and bronchospasm. Initiate treatment with symptomatic and supportive measures.
Volume of Distribution
The volume of distribution of pindolol is approximately 2-3 L/kg.
Elimination Route
The mean oral bioavailability of pindolol is 87-92%. A 5 mg oral dose reaches a Cmax of 33.1 ± 5.2 ng/mL, with a Tmax of 1-2 hours.
Half Life
The half life of pindolol varies from 3-4 hours but can be as high as 30 hours in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
Clearance
In otherwise healthy patients, the systemic clearance of pindolol is 400-500 mL/min. In patients with cirrhosis, the clearance of pindolol varies from 50-300 mL/min.
Elimination Route
80% of an oral dose is eliminated in the urine, with 25-40% of the dose as the unchanged parent compound. 6-9% of an intravenous dose is eliminated in the feces. Overall, 60-65% of a dose is eliminated as glucuronide and sulfate metabolites.
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