L-Thyroxine
L-Thyroxine Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Food Interaction and all others data.
L-Thyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4 , a tetra-iodinated tyrosine derivative) that is made and released by the thyroid gland. In the liver and kidney, T4 is converted to T3 , the active metabolite. In order to increase solubility, the thyroid hormones attach to thyroid hormone binding proteins, thyroxine-binding globulin, and thyroxine binding prealbumin (transthyretin). Transport and binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus then takes place. Thus by acting as a replacement for natural thyroxine, symptoms of thyroxine deficiency are relieved.
Oral levothyroxine is a synthetic hormone that exerts the same physiologic effect as endogenous T4, thereby maintaining normal T4 levels when a deficiency is present.
L-Thyroxine has a narrow therapeutic index and is titrated to maintain a euthyroid state with TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) within a therapeutic range of 0.4–4.0 mIU/L. Over- or under-treatment with levothyroxine may have negative effects on growth and development, cardiovascular function, bone metabolism, reproductive function, cognitive function, emotional state, gastrointestinal function and glucose and lipid metabolism. The dose of levothyroxine should be titrated slowly and carefully and patients should be monitored for their response to titration to avoid these effects. TSH levels should be monitored at least yearly to avoid over-treating with levothyroxine which can result in hyperthyroidism (TSH 15
As many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status, over-treatment with levothyroxine may result in increases in heart rate, cardiac wall thickness, and cardiac contractility and may precipitate angina or arrhythmias, particularly in patients with cardiovascular disease and in elderly patients. In populations with any cardiac concerns, levothyroxine should be initiated at lower doses than those recommended in younger individuals or in patients without cardiac disease. Patients receiving concomitant levothyroxine and sympathomimetic agents should be monitored for signs and symptoms of coronary insufficiency. If cardiac symptoms develop or worsen, reduce the levothyroxine dose or withhold for one week and restart at a lower dose.
Trade Name | L-Thyroxine |
Availability | Prescription only |
Generic | Levothyroxine |
Levothyroxine Other Names | L-T4, L-Thyroxine, Levothyroxin, Thyroxine |
Related Drugs | Synthroid, Armour Thyroid, Euthyrox, liothyronine, Tirosint, Levoxyl, NP Thyroid, Cytomel |
Type | |
Formula | C15H11I4NO4 |
Weight | Average: 776.87 Monoisotopic: 776.686681525 |
Protein binding | Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (TBA). The higher affinity of both TBG and TBPA for T4 partially explains the higher serum levels, slower metabolic clearance and longer half-life of T4 compared to T3. Protein-bound thyroid hormones exist in reverse equilibrium with small amounts of free hormone where only unbound hormone is metabolically active. |
Groups | Approved |
Therapeutic Class | Thyroid drugs & hormone |
Manufacturer | |
Available Country | |
Last Updated: | September 19, 2023 at 7:00 am |
![L-Thyroxine L-Thyroxine](https://www.medicinesfaq.com/media/png/l-thyroxine.png)
Uses
Hypothyroidism: As replacement or supplemental therapy in congenital or acquired hypothyroidism of any etiology, except transient hypothyroidism during the recovery phase of subacute-thyroiditis.
Specific indications: Primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary), and tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism.
Pituitary TSH Suppression: In the treatment or prevention of various types of euthyroid goiters, subacute or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), multinodular goiter and, as an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
L-Thyroxine is also used to associated treatment for these conditions: Adiposity, Cellulite, Hypothyroidism, Myxedema coma, Euthyroid Goitre, Thyrotropin dependent Thyroid cancer
How L-Thyroxine works
L-Thyroxine is a synthetically prepared levo-isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4, a tetra-iodinated tyrosine derivative) that acts as a replacement in deficiency syndromes such as hypothyroidism. T4 is the major hormone secreted from the thyroid gland and is chemically identical to the naturally secreted T4: it increases metabolic rate, decreases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and, in peripheral tissues, is converted to T3. Thyroxine is released from its precursor protein thyroglobulin through proteolysis and secreted into the blood where is it then peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine (T3) which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. T4 and T3 have a relative potency of ~1:4.
Thyroid hormone increases the metabolic rate of cells of all tissues in the body. In the fetus and newborn, thyroid hormone is important for the growth and development of all tissues including bones and the brain. In adults, thyroid hormone helps to maintain brain function, food metabolism, and body temperature, among other effects. The symptoms of thyroid deficiency relieved by levothyroxine include slow speech, lack of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry thick skin and unusual sensitivity to cold.
The thyroid hormones have been shown to exert both genomic and non-genomic effects. They exert their genomic effects by diffusing into the cell nucleus and binding to thyroid hormone receptors in DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes. This complex of T4, T3, DNA, and other coregulatory proteins causes a conformational change and a resulting shift in transcriptional regulation of nearby genes, synthesis of messenger RNA, and cytoplasmic protein production. For example, in cardiac tissues T3 has been shown to regulate the genes for α- and β-myosin heavy chains, production of the sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins calcium-activated ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) and phospholamban, β-adrenergic receptors, guanine-nucleotide regulatory proteins, and adenylyl cyclase types V and VI as well as several plasma-membrane ion transporters, such as Na+/K+–ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and voltage-gated potassium channels, including Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3. As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status.
The non-genomic actions of the thyroid hormones have been shown to occur through binding to a plasma membrane receptor integrin aVb3 at the Arg-Gly-Asp recognition site. From the cell-surface, T4 binding to integrin results in down-stream effects including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; ERK1/2) and causes subsequent effects on cellular/nuclear events including angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.
Dosage
L-Thyroxine dosage
In order to avoid irregular absorption, L-Thyroxine should be taken preferably at a fixed time on an empty stomach. Concomitant intake of food may decrease the absorption of L-Thyroxine. Dosing must be individualized and adjustments to be made based on periodic assessment of the patient's clinical response and laboratory parameters.
Adult Dosage:
Initial starting dose: 25-50 mcg/day, with gradual increments in dose at 6-8 week intervals, as needed. The L-Thyroxine Sodium dose is generally adjusted in 12.5-25 mcg increments until the patient with primary hypothyroidism is clinically euthyroid and the serum TSH has normalized.
In patients with severe hypothyroidism: Initial dose is 12.5-25 mcg/day with increases of 25 mcg/day every 2-4 weeks, accompanied by clinical and laboratory assessment, until the TSH level is normalized.
In patients with secondary (pituitary) or tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism: L-Thyroxine Sodium dose should be titrated until the patient is clinically euthyroid and the serum free - T 4 level is restored to the upper half of the normal range.For patients older than 50 years or for patients under 50 years of age with underlying cardiac disease: 1.7 mcg/kg/day.
TSH suppression: For thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer: Doses >2 mcg/kg/day may be given as a single dose to suppress TSH to <0.1 MIU/L. For benign nodules and nontoxic multinodular goitre: Target TSH is generally higher at 0.1-0.5 MIU/L for nodules and 0.5-1 MIU/L for multinodular goitre.
Pediatric Dosage:
Newborns: The recommended starting dose is 10-15 mcg/kg/day. A lower starting dose should be considered in infants at risk for cardiac failure, and the dose should be increased in 4-6 weeks as needed based on clinical and laboratory response to treatment. In infants with very low (< 5 mcg/dL) or undetectable serum T 4 concentrations, the recommended initial starting dose is 50 mcg/day of L-Thyroxine Sodium.
Infants and Children: In children with chronic or severe hypothyroidism, initial dose of 25 mcg/day with increments of 25 mcg every 2-4 weeks until the desired effect is achieved. Hyperactivity in an older child can be minimized if the starting dose is one-fourth of the recommended full replacement dose, and the dose is then increased on a weekly basis by an amount equal to one-fourth the full-recommended replacement dose until the full recommended replacement dose is reached.
Daily dose per kg body weight:
- 0-3 months: 10-15 mcg/kg/day
- 3-6 months: 8-10 mcg/kg/day
- 6-12 months: 6-8 mcg/kg/day
- 1-5 years: 5-6 mcg/kg/day
- 6-12 years: 4-5 mcg/kg/day
- >12 years but growth and puberty incomplete: 2-3 mcg/ kg/ day
- Growth and puberty complete: 1.7 mcg/kg/day
The dose should be adjusted based on clinical response and laboratory parameters.
Side Effects
Adverse reactions associated with L-Thyroxine therapy are primarily those of hyperthyroidism due to therapeutic overdose. They include the following:
- General: Fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, heat intolerance, fever, excessive sweating
- Central nervous system: headache, hyperactivity, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, emotional lability, insomnia
- Musculoskeletal: Tremors, muscle weakness
- Cardiovascular: Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased pulse and blood pressure
- Respiratory: Dyspnea
- Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
- Dermatologic: Hair loss, flushing
Toxicity
LD50=20 mg/kg (orally in rat). Hypermetabolic state indistinguishable from thyrotoxicosis of endogenous origin. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include weight loss, increased appetite, palpitations, nervousness, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, sweating, tachycardia, increased pulse and blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, tremors, insomnia, heat intolerance, fever, and menstrual irregularities.
Precaution
L-Thyroxine has a narrow therapeutic index. So, careful dosage titration is necessary to avoid the consequences of over- or under-treatment. Caution is needed when administering L-Thyroxine to patients with cardiovascular disorders, to the elderly in whom there is an increased risk of occult cardiac disease & for patients with nontoxic diffuse goiter or nodular thyroid disease in order to prevent precipitation of thyrotoxicosis
Interaction
Concurrent use of tri/tetracyclic antidepressants and L-Thyroxine may increase the therapeutic and toxic effects of both drugs, possibly due to increased receptor sensitivity to catecholamines. Toxic effects may include increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and CNS stimulation; onset of action of tricyclics may be accelerated. Administration of sertraline in patients stabilized on L-Thyroxine may result in increased L-Thyroxine requirements. Addition of L-Thyroxine to antidiabetic or insulin therapy may result in increased antidiabetic agent or insulin requirements. Careful monitoring of diabetic control is recommended, especially when thyroid therapy is started, changed, or discontinued. Serum digitalis glycoside levels may be reduced in hyperthyroidism or when the hypothyroid patient is converted to the euthyroid state. Therapeutic effect of digitalis glycosides may be reduced.
Food Interaction
- Avoid calcium supplements/calcium rich foods. Calcium may interfere with the absorption of this drug by forming an insoluble complex. Separate medication administration by at least 4 hours.
- Avoid grapefruit products. Grapefruit may delay the absorption of this medication.
- Avoid iron supplements. Iron may interfere with the absorption of this drug by forming an insoluble complex. Separate medication administration by at least 4 hours.
- Avoid multivalent ions. Examples include iron, magnesium, and calcium. These are often found in antacids, vitamins, and supplements - separate medication administration by at least 4 hours.
- Do not take with bran and high fiber foods. Dietary fiber, soybean flour, cottonseed meal, and walnuts may reduce the absorption of levothyroxine.
- Take on an empty stomach. L-Thyroxine should be taken on an empty stomach 30-60 minutes prior to the first meal of the day.
[Moderate] ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: Consumption of certain foods as well as the timing of meals relative to dosing may affect the absorption of T4 thyroid hormone (i.e., levothyroxine).
T4 absorption is increased by fasting and decreased by foods such as soybean flour (e.g., infant formula), cotton seed meal, walnuts, dietary fiber, calcium, and calcium fortified juices.
MANAGEMENT: Preparations containing T4 thyroid hormone should be administered on a consistent schedule with regard to time of day and relation to meals so as to avoid large fluctuations in serum levels.
Foods that may affect T4 absorption should be avoided within several hours of dosing if possible.
When administered to patients receiving continuous enteral nutrition for more than 7 days, some experts recommend that the tube feeding should be interrupted for at least 1 hour before and 1 hour after the dose of levothyroxine is given and to monitor patients' thyroid function.
L-Thyroxine Hypertension interaction
[Major] Thyroid hormones cause increases in myocardial contractility and heart rate as a result of increased metabolic demands and oxygen consumption.
Therapy with thyroid hormones should be administered cautiously and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with cardiovascular disorders such as angina, coronary artery disease, and hypertension.
Clinical monitoring of cardiovascular function is recommended.
If chest pain or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease occurs, the dosage of thyroid hormone should be reduced, even at the expense of achieving euthyroid state.
Thyroid hormones should not be administered to patients with an acute myocardial infarction that is not complicated by hypothyroidism.
L-Thyroxine multivitamins interaction
[Moderate] ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: Concurrent administration of calcium-containing products may decrease the oral bioavailability of levothyroxine by one-third in some patients.
Pharmacologic effects of levothyroxine may be reduced.
The exact mechanism of interaction is unknown but may involve nonspecific adsorption of levothyroxine to calcium at acidic pH levels, resulting in an insoluble complex that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
In one study, 20 patients with hypothyroidism who were taking a stable long-term regimen of levothyroxine demonstrated modest but significant decreases in mean free and total thyroxine (T4) levels as well as a corresponding increase in mean thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level following the addition of calcium carbonate (1200 mg Four patients had serum TSH levels that were higher than the normal range. Both T4 and TSH levels returned to near-baseline 2 months after discontinuation of calcium, which further supported the likelihood of an interaction. In addition, there have been case reports suggesting decreased efficacy of levothyroxine during calcium coadministration. It is not known whether this interaction occurs with other thyroid hormone preparations. Monitoring of serum TSH levels is recommended. Patients with gastrointestinal or malabsorption disorders may be at a greater risk of developing clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism due to this interaction.
Some experts recommend separating the times of administration of levothyroxine and calcium-containing preparations by at least 4 hours.
L-Thyroxine Drug Interaction
Minor: metoprolol, metoprololUnknown: aspirin, aspirin, duloxetine, duloxetine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, pregabalin, pregabalin, acetaminophen, acetaminophen, cyanocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, cholecalciferol, cetirizine, cetirizine
L-Thyroxine Disease Interaction
Major: adrenal insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, thyrotoxicosisModerate: diabetes, seizures
Elimination Route
Absorption of orally administered T4 from the gastrointestinal tract ranges from 40% to 80% with the majority of the levothyroxine dose absorbed from the jejunum and upper ileum. T4 absorption is increased by fasting, and decreased in malabsorption syndromes and by certain foods such as soybeans, milk, and dietary fiber. Absorption may also decrease with age. In addition, many drugs affect T4 absorption including bile acide sequestrants, sucralfate, proton pump inhibitors, and minerals such as calcium (including in yogurt and milk products), magnesium, iron, and aluminum supplements. To prevent the formation of insoluble chelates, levothyroxine should generally be taken on an empty stomach at least 2 hours before a meal and separated by at least 4 hours from any interacting agents.
Half Life
T4 half-life is 6 to 7 days. T3 half-life is 1 to 2 days.
Elimination Route
Thyroid hormones are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. A portion of the conjugated hormone reaches the colon unchanged and is eliminated in the feces. Approximately 20% of T4 is eliminated in the stool. Urinary excretion of T4 decreases with age.
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding use
Pregnancy Category A. Pregnancy may increase L-Thyroxine requirements. Although thyroid hormones are excreted only minimally in human milk, caution should be exercised when it is administered to a nursing woman. However, adequate replacement doses of L-Thyroxine are generally needed to maintain normal lactation.
Contraindication
Untreated subclinical or overt thyrotoxicosis of any etiology and acute myocardial infarction.
Acute Overdose
The signs and symptoms of overdose are those of hyperthyroidism – agitation, confusion, irritability, hyperactivity, headache, sweating, mydriasis, tachycardia, arrhythmias, tachypnoea, pyrexia, increased bowel movements and convulsions. Cerebral embolism, shock, coma, and death have been reported. Symptoms may not necessarily be evident or may not appear until several days after ingestion of L-Thyroxine Sodium.
Treatment of Overdose: L-Thyroxine Sodium should be reduced in dose or temporarily discontinued if signs or symptoms of overdosage occur. Treatment is symptomatic.
Storage Condition
Store in a cool place, protect from light & moisture.
Innovators Monograph
You find simplified version here L-Thyroxine
L-Thyroxine contains Levothyroxine see full prescribing information from innovator L-Thyroxine Monograph, L-Thyroxine MSDS, L-Thyroxine FDA label
FAQ
What is L-Thyroxine used for?
L-Thyroxine is a medicine used to treat an underactive thyroid gland.The thyroid gland makes thyroid hormone which helps to control energy levels and growth. L-Thyroxine is taken to replace the missing thyroid hormon.
How safe is L-Thyroxine?
Yes, it's safe to take L-Thyroxine for a long time, even many years. High doses of L-Thyroxine over a long time can sometimes cause weakening of the bones. This should not happen if you are on the right dose. It's important to have regular blood tests to make sure your dose is not too high.
How does L-Thyroxine work?
L-Thyroxine works by providing the thyroid hormone that your thyroid gland would produce if it were working normally.
What are the common side effects of L-Thyroxine?
Common side effects of L-Thyroxine are include:
- Feeling sick. Stick to simple meals and do not eat rich or spicy food.
- Being sick (vomiting) or diarrhoea. Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration. ...
- Headaches. ...
- Feeling restless or excitable, or problems sleeping. ...
- Flushing or sweating. ...
- Muscle cramps. ...
- Shaking, usually of the hands.
Is L-Thyroxine safe during pregnancy?
L-Thyroxine is the most common medicine used to treat an underactive thyroid during pregnancy. It's safe to take this medicine during pregnancy.
Is L-Thyroxine safe during breastfeeding?
L-Thyroxine is safe while taking L-Thyroxine to treat an underactive thyroid as it is secreted in extremely low levels into breastmilk.
Can I drink alcohol with L-Thyroxine?
Yes, you can drink alcohol while taking L-Thyroxine. Alcohol does not affect how this medicine works.
Can I drive after taking L-Thyroxine ?
Yes,L-Thyroxine should not affect your ability to drive or ride a bike.
When should be taken of L-Thyroxine?
Take L-Thyroxine once a day in the morning,ideally at least 30 minutes before having breakfast or a drink containing caffeine, like tea or coffee.
Can L-Thyroxine start working right away?
L-Thyroxine starts working straight away, but it may be several weeks before your symptoms start to improve.
How long for L-Thyroxine to work?
L-Thyroxine may take several weeks for an improvement in symptoms to be seen and up to 4 to 6 weeks for peak blood levels to be reached.
How long does L-Thyroxine stay in my system?
L-Thyroxine will stay in your system for around 4 to 6 weeks. It takes longer for people with hypothyroidism to eliminate L-Thyroxine than those with normal thyroid function.
Can long term use of L-Thyroxine?
High doses of L-Thyroxine over a long time can sometimes cause weakening of the bones. This should not happen if you are on the right dose. It's important to have regular blood tests to make sure your dose is not too high.
How long can I take L-Thyroxine?
L-Thyroxine is generally taken life-long when used to treat hypothyroidism (low thyroid levels) unless the cause is transient.
Who should not use L-Thyroxine?
L-Thyroxine should not be used to treat obesity or weight problems.
What happens if I miss a dose of L-Thyroxine?
Take L-Thyroxine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take two doses at one time.
What happens if I overdose of L-Thyroxine?
Seek emergency medical attention.Overdose symptoms may include headache, leg cramps, tremors, feeling nervous or irritable, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fast or pounding heartbeats.
Can L-Thyroxine improve fertility?
Treatment with L-Thyroxine can reverse such dysfunction and thus should improve fertility.
What happen if I stop taking L-Thyroxine suddenly ?
Do not suddenly stop taking L-Thyroxine without first checking with your doctor. Your doctor may want you or your child to gradually reduce the amount you are using before stopping completely. Make sure any doctor or dentist who treats you knows that you or your child are using L-Thyroxine.